Purpose: To compare different commercial viscoelastics retained in the anterior chamber in terms of their tendency to cause intraocular pressure (IOP) rise Methods: Twenty-one rabbit eyes (3 per group) were injected with 0.1 mL of viscoelastic materials (VEM). Seven different brands of VEM were tested. IOP was measured for 6 days after injection Results: All eyes exhibited increase from baseline IOP. Peak IOP rise occurred at a median with 4 hours from injection. IOPs returned to normal in all eyes by Day 6. No significant differences in IOP patterns were detected in this small series Conclusion: This study suggests that all of the VEM tested have potential to cause IOP rise and that spontaneous return to normal levels was achieved for all groups after six days. (Author)
Animal ; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE ; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE/DRUG EFFECTS

Objective: To investigate the effect of latanoprost in IOP after laser iridectomy or filtering surgery Methodology: Patients of chronic angle closure glaucoma post laser iridectomy or filtering surgery were given latanoprost 0.005 percent eye drop in the evening for 2-6 weeks after a washout period ranging from 5 days - 28 days. IOP was measured at 9:00 a. m., 1:00 p.m. and 5: 00 p.m. per patient using a calibrated goldmann applanation tonometer Results: 29 patients were enrolled in study. There was a significant reduction in IOP among these patients Conclusion: Latanoprost 0.005 percent provides a significant reduction in IOP among patients with residual angle closure after laser iridectomy or filtering surgery. (Author)
Human ; Male ; Female ; LATANOPROST ; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE/DRUG EFFECTS ; GLAUCOMA, ANGLE-CLOSURE ; GLAUCOMA, ANGLE-CLOSURE/DRUG THERAPY ; HUMANS ; MALE ; FEMALE ;

BACKGROUNDTrabecular meshwork (TM) cell volume may be an important determinant of aqueous humor outflow in the eye. This study aimed to evaluate the role of HepII domain peptides V on corneal permeability, corneal endothelial cells, intraocular pressure (IOP) and morphology of trabecular meshwork in rats.

METHODSThe IOP of rat eyes was measured before and 3, 5, 7 and 8 hours after topical delivery of HepII domain peptides V through intracameral injections. The peptide's concentration in aqueous humor was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The shape and density of endothelial cells were observed by laser confocal microscopy 8 hours, 3 and 14 days after intracameral injections of HepII domain peptides V. The morphological changes in TM of rat eyes were assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

RESULTSIntracameral injection of HepII domain peptides V significantly (P < 0.001) decreased IOP by (5.71 ± 2.10) mmHg in rats at 5 hours after injection. There were no obvious changes of the shape and the density of corneal endothelial cells. In addition, morphological changes in the TM of rats were observed including the expansion of intercellular spaces in the juxtacanalicular meshwork, removal of extracellular material, cellular relaxation, and cytoskeleton reorganization.

CONCLUSIONSHepII domain peptides V could not penetrate cornea and was safe to corneal endothelial cells. HepII domain peptides V could significantly decrease IOP in rat probably by disorganizing actin cytoskeleton and cell-junction in the TM.

Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cornea ; cytology ; drug effects ; ultrastructure ; Endothelium, Corneal ; drug effects ; ultrastructure ; Female ; Fibronectins ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Intraocular Pressure ; drug effects ; Male ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Trabecular Meshwork ; drug effects ; ultrastructure

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of brinzolamide 1%/brimonidine 0.2% fixed combination (BBFC) in normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients. METHODS: This prospective study included patients treated with brinzolamide 1% monotherapy, brimonidine 0.2% monotherapy or brinzolamide 1% and brimonidine 0.2% concomitant therapy, as well as newly diagnosed NTG patients. The enrolled patients who used brinzolamide 1% or brimonidine 0.2% switched to BBFC and newly diagnosed NTG patients were treated with BBFC. The patients receiving brinzolamide 1% or brimonidine 0.2% monotherapy or brinzolamide 1% and brimonidine 0.2% concomitant therapy switched antiglaucoma drugs to BBFC. Newly diagnosed NTG patients used BBFC as the first therapy. The study consisted of 1 screening/baseline visit and 3 follow-up visits conducted after 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks of treatment. Intraocular pressure (IOP), mean deviation value and adverse drug reactions were evaluated before treatment and after treatment with BBFC. RESULTS: The mean IOP in the brinzolamide 1% monotherapy group was 13.5 ± 1.6 mm Hg and the mean IOP after switched from brinzolamide 1% monotherapy to BBFC was 12.1 ± 1.5 mm Hg. The mean IOP in the brimonidine 0.2% monotherapy group was 14.2 ± 1.3 mm Hg and the mean IOP after switched from brimonidine 0.2% monotherapy to BBFC was 11.7 ± 1.5 mm Hg. The mean IOP was 11.9 ± 2.1 mm Hg in the brinzolamide 1% and brimonidine 0.2% concomitant therapy group and the mean IOP after switched from brinzolamide 1% and brimonidine 0.2% concomitant therapy to BBFC was 12.0 ± 1.1 mm Hg. The mean IOP and reduction rate were 10.7 ± 2.1 mm Hg and 35.5%, respectively,in the newly diagnosed NTG patients treated with BBFC. There was no serious adverse drug reaction causing ocular damage. CONCLUSIONS: BBFC provides a significant IOP reduction and is a safe antiglaucoma medication for NTG patients.
Brimonidine Tartrate ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Low Tension Glaucoma* ; Prospective Studies

To increase the success rate of intraocular pressure control in recalcitrant glaucoma, anterior chamber tube shunt to a surgical membrane (ACTSSM) surgery using silicone tube and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) can be performed. Applying mitomycin C (MMC) during ACTSSM surgery may increase the success rate by decreasing the fibroblast proliferation and collagen in the fibrous capsule. To evaluate the effects of MMC on the fibrous capsule formed after ACTSSM surgery, operations were performed on 18 white rabbits. Nine rabbits were treated with 0.04% MMC solution on the episclera for 5 minutes before ACTSSM (group A) and the others were not treated (group B). At postoperative 2, 4 and 8 weeks successively, 6 eyes of the 3 rabbits were enucleated from each group. Light microscopic examinations were performed after hematoxylin
Animals ; Anterior Chamber/pathology/*surgery ; Glaucoma/*surgery ; Intraocular Pressure/drug effects ; Mitomycin/*therapeutic use ; Polytetrafluoroethylene ; *Prostheses and Implants ; Rabbits ; Silicone Elastomers

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a brinzolamide 1%-brimonidine 0.2% fixed combination (BBFC) for normal tension glaucoma (NTG) in a South Korean population. METHODS: This study included 45 patients who were newly diagnosed with NTG and treated with BBFC as the first therapy from January 2016 through December 2016. The unilateral eye of NTG eyes of all patients were enrolled. If both eyes were eligible, the eye with the more severe glaucomatous change was selected. If the glaucomatous change was similar in both eyes, the right eye was selected. The patients received the BBFC twice a day. Diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured every 2 and 1/2 hours between 09:00 am and 04:30 pm. The IOP change with respect to body position (positional IOP) was measured at baseline and at 6 months after eyedrop instillation. Throughout the study, all side effects were recorded and monitored by the investigators. RESULTS: Ten patients were excluded due to an allergic reaction or follow-up loss. A total of 35 patients were enrolled in this study. The mean IOP was 15.32 ± 4.00 mmHg at baseline and 13.38 ± 3.30 mmHg at 6 months after BBFC instillation (p < 0.001). The IOP fluctuation decreased from 3.33 ± 3.10 to 2.35 ± 1.40 mmHg after BBFC instillation; however, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.150). The mean change in positional IOP showed a statistically significant reduction from 16.94 ± 3.18 to 14.80 ± 3.27 mmHg (p = 0.025). There was no serious adverse drug reaction except in three cases of allergic reaction. CONCLUSIONS: BBFC is effective for the reduction of mean IOP and positional IOP in NTG patients.
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Intraocular Pressure ; Low Tension Glaucoma ; Research Personnel ; Treatment Outcome

The authors experienced two cases of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)-induced acute-onset bilateral myopia and shallowing of the anterior chambers. Two middle-aged women taking HCTZ, a sulfa derivative, visited our clinic complaining of acute bilateral visual deterioration. Both had good visual acuity without corrective lenses before taking HCTZ. A complete ophthalmologic examination revealed bilateral myopic shift, intraocular pressure elevation, shallowing of the anterior chambers, choroidal effusions, radiating retinal folds, and conjunctival chemosis. Approximately one week after HCTZ discontinuance, all ocular changes disappeared completely. Physicians should be aware of the adverse ocular effects of HCTZ and should manage patients accordingly.
Acute Disease ; Adult ; Anterior Chamber/drug effects ; Choroid/drug effects/*metabolism ; Cilia/drug effects/*metabolism ; Diuretics/*adverse effects ; Exudates and Transudates/*metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrochlorothiazide/*adverse effects ; Intraocular Pressure/drug effects ; Middle Aged ; Myopia/*chemically induced

We performed a randomized, prospective study to evaluate the effect of intraoperative, intracameral carbachol or acetylcholine on early postoperative intraocular pressure(IOP) after extracapsular cataract extraction(ECCE) and posterior chamber lens(PCL) implantation. Fifty-six eyes of 56 patients scheduled for routine ECCE and PCL implantation were randomly assigned into three groups: (1)carbachol infusion (19 eyes) (2) acetylcholine infusion (15 eyes) (3)balanced salt solution (BSS) infusion (control, 22 eyes). We compared the preoperative IOP, early postoperative IOP, postoperative 24 hours IOP and postoperative 1 week IOP. In the measurement of early postoperative IOP, IOP was measured at least twice at 3, 6 or 9 hours postoperatively. There was no significant difference in IOP between the three groups preoperatively, at postoperative 3 hours, and 1 week. At postoperative 6 hours, both the carbachol infusion group and acetylcholine infusion group were significantly different from the BSS infusion group. At postoperative 9 and 24 hours, only carbachol infusion group had a significant difference from BSS infusion group in suppression of postoperative IOP increase. Our results suggest that intraoperative, intracameral administration of carbachol or acetylcholine prevents early postoperative IOP increase, and that carbachol has a more lasting effect.
Acetylcholine/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Adult ; Aged ; Anterior Chamber/drug effects ; Carbachol/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Cataract Extraction/*adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure/*drug effects ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ocular Hypertension/etiology/*prevention & control ; Postoperative Complications ; Prospective Studies

Posterior lip sclerectomies were performed in rabbits and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) was applied by topical instillation or subconjunctival injection. In both groups, the mean intraocular pressure (IOP) of the treated eyes was significantly lowered at postoperative week 1 and 2, but there was no significant difference between the mean IOP of the control eyes and that of the treated eyes at postoperative week 3 and 4. In both groups, at postoperative week 2, the sclerectomy sites of the control eyes were totally occluded by granulation tissue, but those of the treated eyes were partially replaced by granulation tissue. At postoperative week 4, the sclerectomy sites of the treated eyes were totally occluded by the granulation tissue ultimately in both groups. There were no differences in the mean IOP and the histologic finding of the treated eyes between the topical instillation group and the subconjunctival injection group. We concluded that either topical instillation or subconjunctival injection of Ara-C can delay wound healing at the surgical site after glaucoma filtering surgery in rabbits.
Administration, Topical ; Animals ; Conjunctiva ; Cytarabine/*administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Glaucoma/pathology/*surgery ; Injections ; Intraocular Pressure/drug effects ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Rabbits ; *Sclerostomy ; Wound Healing/drug effects

BACKGROUNDCompound anisodine (CA) is a compound preparation made from hydrobromide anisodine and procaine hydrochloride. The former is an M-choline receptor blocker with the function of regulating the vegetative nervous system, improving microcirculation, and so on. The latter is an antioxidant with the activities of neuroprotection. This study aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotection of CA, which affects the degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in an animal model with chronic ocular hypertension.

METHODSFemale C57BL/6J mice (n = 24) were divided randomly into four groups: normal control group without any treatment (Group A, n = 6); CA control group with feeding the CA solution (Group B, n = 6); microbeads (MBs) control group with injecting MB into the anterior chamber (Group C, n = 6); CA study group with MB injection and with feeding the CA solution (Group D, n = 6). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured every 3 days after MB injection. At the 21st day, neurons were retrograde-labeled by Fluoro-Gold (FG). Animals were sacrificed on the 27th day. Retinal flat mounts were stained immunohistologically by α2-III-tubulin. FG-retrograde-labeled RGCs, α2-III-tubulin-positive RGCs, and α2-III-tubulin-positive nerve fibers were quantified.

RESULTSMice of Groups C and D expressed the incidence of consistent IOP elevation, which is above the IOP level of Group A with the normal one. There is no significant difference in IOP between Groups A and B (P > 0.05). On the 27th day, there were distinct loss in stained RGCs and nerve fibers from Groups C and D compared with Group A (allP < 0.001). The quantity was significantly higher in Group D as compared to Group C (allP < 0.001) but lower than Group A (allP > 0.001). There was no significant difference in the quantity of RGCs and nerve fibers between Groups A and B (allP > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThese findings suggest that CA plays an importantly neuroprotective role on RGCs in a mouse model with chronic ocular hypertension.

Animals ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Female ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intraocular Pressure ; drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neuroprotective Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Ocular Hypertension ; drug therapy ; Random Allocation ; Retinal Ganglion Cells ; drug effects ; Scopolamine Derivatives ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use