Emerging evidences have reported that periodontitis can be a risk factor for the pathogenesis of various systemic diseases. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), one of the crucial pathogens in chronic periodontitis, has been spotlighted as a potential cause for the promotion and acceleration of periodontitis-associated systemic disorders. To investigate the association between Pg and intestinal disease or homeostasis, we treated Pg-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in murine colitis model or intestinal organoid, respectively. Pg-derived LPS (Pg LPS) was administrated into chemically induced murine colitis model and disease symptoms were monitored compared with the infusion of LPS derived from E. coli (Ec LPS). Organoids isolated and cultured from mouse small intestine were treated with Pg or Ec LPS and further analyzed for the generation and composition of organoids. In vivo observations demonstrated that both Pg and Ec LPS exerted slight protective effects against murine colitis. Pg LPS did not affect the generation and growth of intestinal epithelial organoids. Among subtypes of epithelial cells, markers for stem cells, goblet cells or Paneth cells were changed in response to Pg LPS. Taken together, these results indicate that Pg LPS leads to partial improvement in colitis and that its treatment does not significantly affect the self-organization of intestinal organoids but may regulate the epithelial composition.
Acceleration ; Animals ; Chronic Periodontitis ; Colitis ; Epithelial Cells ; Goblet Cells ; Homeostasis ; Intestinal Diseases ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Intestine, Small ; Mice ; Organoids ; Paneth Cells ; Periodontitis ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; Porphyromonas ; Risk Factors ; Stem Cells

With the increasing use of intestinal segment for bladder substitutes or augmentation, excessive mucus secretions secreted by goblet cells in the transplanted intestinal mucosa elicits various problems in patients. During ileocystoplasty, three kinds of concentration of iodine solution (0.5 %, 0.25 %. 0.125 %) were applied on the mucosa of ileal segment for reducing mucosal secretion. 24-hour urine was collected for each rat weekly and then cystectomy was performed at 4 weeks after ileocystoplasry. The amount of lyophilizod dry mucus was increased in 2-3 weeks and decreased thereafter, and it was significantly lower in the group using 0.25 % iodine solution than in other groups. Fibrosis was not significant in all experimental rats compare to control group by Masson-trichromr staining. With this method further investigation will be needed for reducing the mucus secretion.
Animals ; Cystectomy ; Fibrosis ; Goblet Cells ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Iodine* ; Mucous Membrane ; Mucus ; Rats* ; Urinary Bladder

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of fish oil on intestinal Paneth cells in mouse with abdominal infection.

METHODSFifty C57BL/6J mouse were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 each): control group, sham group, infection group (cecal ligation and puncture, CLP), fish oil group (0.4 g/kg fish oil, intragastric administration every day, FO) and long chain triglyceride group (0.4 g/kg soybean oil, intragastric administration every day, LCT). The mouse were sacrificed and the terminal ileum was collected for lysozyme, cryptdin 4 and secreted phosphatidase A2 (sPLA2) analysis at the fourth day after operation. The changes of mouse body weight and intestinal mucosa pathology were observed.

RESULTSThe body weight, the mRNA levels of lysozyme, cryptdin 4 and sPLA2 and the protein level of lysozyme of Paneth cells in the infection group were reduced compared with the control group (0.78±0.34 vs. 1.83±0.11, 0.99±0.44 vs. 2.02±0.33, 0.92±0.25 vs. 1.50±0.27, 0.31±0.06 vs. 0.45±0.05, all P<0.05), meanwhile the intestinal villi collapse and breakage occurred obviously. Fish oil could up-regulate the mRNA and protein expression of lysozyme (1.23±0.27 vs. 0.78±0.34 and 0.62±0.23, 0.38±0.07 vs. 0.31±0.06 and 0.32±0.06, all P<0.05) and alleviate the mucosa injury compared with the infection group and LCT group.

CONCLUSIONSThe function of intestinal Paneth cells is damaged apparently after cecal ligation and puncture. Fish oil can relieve this injury.

Animals ; Cecum ; Fish Oils ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Intestine, Small ; Intraabdominal Infections ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Paneth Cells ; Up-Regulation

Mucosal biopsies were obtained for histological and electron microscopical studies from 7 patients with ileal urinary conduit. Shortly after construction of the reservoir there was a reduction in villous height and an increase in crypt depth. After 2 to 3 years of observation, avillous areas were noted in the reservoir mucosa. Electron microscopy shows a loss of microvilli and a reduction of cell construction. The number of mucus-storing goblet cells increased already with in 1 month after construction. No sign of foreign body reaction, dysplasia or metaplasia was encountered. The constant exposure to urine leads to adaptive changes of the reservoir mucosa, resulting in true atropy of villi, crypts, and individual epithelial cells.
Biopsy ; Colonic Pouches* ; Epithelial Cells ; Foreign-Body Reaction ; Goblet Cells ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Metaplasia ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microvilli ; Mucous Membrane* ; Pheniramine ; Urinary Diversion

Recent molecular and physiological studies suggested that at least two distinct H/K-ATPase activities are present in the mammalian colon. Potassium (K+) balance is achieved by the control of urinary K+ excretion and by the control of K+ absorption from the digestive tract. The colon also participates substantively in the regulation of systemic K+ homeostasis. Northern analysis and in situ hybridization (ISH) for analyzing the expression of mRNA encoding the colonic H/K-ATPase a subunit and EM study for morphologic adaptations were carried out in normal and potassium-deprived (2 weeks) rats. Northern analysis demonstrated that colonic H/K-ATPase a subunit mRNA is abundantly expressed in normal rat distal colon. Abundance of colonic H/K-ATPase a subunit mRNA in potassium-deprived rat distal colon was not significantly increased compared to controls. By ISH, mRNA for colonic H/K-ATPase a subunit was detected in the surface epithelial cells, Goblet cells, and upper third of the intestinal gland. Both groups exhibited comparable cellular patterns of labeling and signal intensity. The surface epithelial cells exhibited a mixture of hybridization signal intensity. Most cells had intense hybridization signal for colonic H/K-ATPase a subunit mRNA and some cells had moderate, and a few cells had weak. Occasionally, strong hybridization signal was detected in the lower portion of the intestinal gland. EM study demonstrated that two types of surface columnar epithelial cells were present in normal distal colon and included type 1 cells with more abundant vesicles in supranuclear cytoplasm and type 2 cells with moderate amount of vesicles. In potassium-deprived distal colon, type 2 cells were only present in surface columnar epithelial cells. Others were not significant differences between two groups. These results suggest that two (or more) H/K-ATPase a subunit isoforms are present in rat distal colon, and colonic H/K-ATPase asubunit gene does not significantly contribute to potassium conservation during chronic hypokalemia in spite of abundant expression of this gene.
Absorption ; Animals ; Colon* ; Cytoplasm ; Epithelial Cells ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Goblet Cells ; Homeostasis ; Hypokalemia* ; In Situ Hybridization ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Potassium ; Protein Isoforms ; Rats* ; RNA, Messenger

Intestinal failure (IF) is the critical reduction of the gut mass or its function below the minimum needed to absorb nutrients and fluids required for adequate growth in children. Severe IF requires parenteral nutrition (PN). Pediatric IF is most commonly due to congenital or neonatal intestinal diseases or malformations divided into 3 groups: 1) reduced intestinal length and consequently reduced absorptive surface, such as in short bowel syndrome (SBS) or extensive aganglionosis; 2) abnormal development of the intestinal mucosa such as congenital diseases of enterocyte development; 3) extensive motility dysfunction such as chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndromes. The leading cause of IF in childhood is the SBS. In clinical practice the degree of IF may be indirectly measured by the level of PN required for normal or catch up growth. Other indicators such as serum citrulline have not proven to be highly reliable prognostic factors in children. The last decades have allowed the development of highly sophisticated nutrient solutions consisting of optimal combinations of macronutrients and micronutrients as well as guidelines, promoting PN as a safe and efficient feeding technique. However, IF that requires long-term PN may be associated with various complications including infections, growth failure, metabolic disorders, and bone disease. IF Associated Liver Disease may be a limiting factor. However, changes in the global management of IF pediatric patients, especially since the setup of intestinal rehabilitation centres did change the prognosis thus limiting “nutritional failure” which is considered as a major indication for intestinal transplantation (ITx) or combined liver-ITx.
Bone Diseases ; Child ; Citrulline ; Enterocytes ; Humans ; Intestinal Diseases ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction ; Liver Diseases ; Micronutrients ; Parenteral Nutrition ; Parenteral Nutrition, Home ; Prognosis ; Rehabilitation ; Short Bowel Syndrome

Mucin and lysozyme are the components of mucus and can be used as markers for mucus secretion from the mucus and serous glands of the airway. The purposes of this study were to develop an in vitro method to evaluate the regulation of mucus secretion in nasal cavity and to investigate the effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and nitric oxide (NO) on mucus secretion in the human nasal mucosa. Inferior turbinate mucosa samples were obtained from patients who had septal deviation and turbinate hypertropy. To measure the mucin and lysozyme secretion from turbinate, we used a sandwiched enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) and a turbidimetric assay, respectively. To inquire whether or not lectin binds specifically to goblet cells and submucosal glands in the turbinate mucosa, we used the lectin immunohistochemcal stain. There was rapid incresement of mucin secretion during the first 1 hour and then steady secretion of mucin in the kinetic study over 3 hours. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), a kind of lectin, was not blood group specific and specifically bound to goblet cells and submucosal glands. 10(-6) and 10(-5) M VIP significantly stimulated mucin secretion compared with the unstimulated control group. Neither N-nitroarginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of NO synthase, nor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine, an NO donor, had a significant effect on constitutive or VIP-induced mucus secretion. We concluded that VIP stimulates mucus secretion in the inferior turbinate and the turbinate explant model including ELLA used to measure mucin can be used as a method to evaluate the regulation of mucus secretion in the nasal cavity.
Goblet Cells ; Humans ; Mucins ; Mucous Membrane ; Mucus* ; Muramidase ; Nasal Cavity ; Nasal Mucosa ; Neuropeptides ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Tissue Donors ; Triticum ; Turbinates* ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

The use of isolated intestinal segments is currently the best method of augmenling bladder capacity. Pedicled segments of ileum and colon used in lower urinary tract reconstruction retain their normal neurovascular input and might be expected to retain their physiological function despite their new anatomical situation. The mucus secreted mostly by goblet cells in the grafted intestinal mucosa elicits various problems in patient management. This study was attempted to evaluate the effect of octreotide, a long-acting somatostatin analogue on the mucosal secretion. The animals, weighing 250-320gm, were divided into 2 groups: control group, in which only ileocystoplasty was done, and octreotide injection group after ileocystoplasty. Oclreolide was injected daily S.C. 0.002 micrometer/gm after posloperalive 1 week. Cystectomies were performed at postoperative 1. 2, 3, 4 weeks. Histopathologic examination of the ileocystoplasty specimens was done by light microscopy after PAS reaction. 24-hour urine was collected for each rat weekly and then the amount of lyophilized dry mucus in urine was measured. The number of goblet cells within 10(3) micrometer2 of mucosal epithelium in the grafted ileal segments were evaluated by morphometric analysis using an image analyzer. The results were as follows: 1. Microscopically, transitional epithelium extended well over the intestinal mucosa through the anastomotic site at both 4 weeks groups. 2. The amount of urinary lyophilized dry mucus at control group was increased at postoperative 2. 3 weeks (64.2 mg, 67.7 mg) and decreased at 4 weeks (32.7 mg). After octreotide injection, the amount of lyophilized dry mucus significantly decreased when compared with the control group at 2, 3 weeks (15.2 mg, 18.9 mg, p<0.01) 3. The number of goblet cells within 10(3) micrometer2 of mucosal epithelium in control group was increased at 2. 3 weeks after operation (1.94+/-0.31, 2.19+/-0.36) and decreased at 4 weeks (1.61+/-0.25). After octreotide injection. The number of goblel cells significantly decreased when compared with the control group at 2, 3 weeks (1.28+/-0.36, 1.54+/-0.26, p<0.01). These results suggest that octreotide may be effect on the reduction of mucosal secretion after ileocystoplasty. Further investigation using this method will be needed for clinical application.
Animals ; Colon ; Cystectomy ; Epithelium ; Goblet Cells ; Humans ; Ileum ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Microscopy ; Mucus ; Octreotide* ; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction ; Rats* ; Somatostatin* ; Transplants ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Tract

OBJECTIVETo investigate the changes of the goblet cells in the intestine during the restitution process of the gut barrier after hemorrhagic shock.

METHODSForty-nine Sprague-Dawley rats with body weight of 250-300 g were divided into control group (n=7) and experimental group (n=42). Rats in the experimental group was further divided into 6 groups (n=7 each) according to different time point at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after hemorrhagic shock resuscitation. The specimens from ileum tissue were taken to observe the morphological chan ges of the intestinal mucosa. The number of goblet cells was determined by light microscope and/or electron microscope. The contents of trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3) of goblet cells were examined using GC-9A gas chromatographic instrument.

RESULTSAfter hemorrhagic shock, mucosal epithelial injury was obvious in the small intestine. Tissue restitution was found after 3 hours, and mostly established after 12 hours. Following tissue restitution,the denuded mucosal surface was covered intensively by goblet cells. The number of goblet cells on the intestinal mucosa was reduced significantly from 243+/- 13 at 1 h to 157+/- 9 at 24 h (r=- 0.910, P< 0.01), and returned to normal level at 36 h. In the experimental group, the content of TFF3 in the intestinal mucosa increased significantly at 12 hours, decreased, but was still higher at 24 hours (t=3.24, P< 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe goblet cells play a key role in the restitution of intestinal mucosa. High expression of TFF3 may facilitate the intestinal mucosal restitution in the early phase.

Animals ; Goblet Cells ; metabolism ; Ileum ; cytology ; Intestinal Mucosa ; cytology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Neuropeptides ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; metabolism ; Trefoil Factor-3

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to determine the basic histomorphologic effects of Bacillus clausii (B. clausii) spores in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) O127:H21-infected mice by evaluating the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and intestinal mucosa.

METHODS: The study involved 46 apparently healthy Balb/c mice (Mus musculus) which were acclimatized for 19 days prior to any intervention. Sixteen mice were used to determine the sublethal dose of E. coli, which was performed by administering serially-diluted solutions and subsequent generation of a standard curve. From the remaining 30 mice, ten served as normal controls while the remaining 20 were randomized to receive either B. clausii or placebo of sterile water for a week. All mice were then challenged with E. coli for another week and euthanized, and the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and small intestine harvested and examined microscopically. All study personnel were blinded of the treatment assignments.

RESULTS: Histologic evaluation of the small intestine in E. coli only-fed mice exhibited prominent attachment effacement lesions, with severely denuded mucosa, lymphocytic infiltration, and debris in the intestinal lumen. However, mice given B. clausii prior to E. coli infection displayed only minimal mucosal damage with less sloughing of villus tips, plus increased mucus-secreting goblet cells. In the spleen, E. coli only-fed mice showed moderate to severe lymphoid hyperplasia with blurred boundaries between red and white pulp. In contrast, mice which received B. clausii prior to E. coli infection had only mild degrees of lymphoid hyperplasia. Similar findings were seen in the mesenteric lymph nodes where E. coli only-fed mice showed moderate to severe lymphoid hyperplasia while those given B. clausii prior to E. coli infection merely had mild lymphoid hyperplasia.

CONCLUSION: B. clausii exerts a potential protective and immunomodulatory action in E. coli O127:H21-infected mice based on histomorphologic effects. However, additional studies are needed to fully characterize these mechanisms.mice based on histomorphologic effects. 

Animal ; Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli ; Goblet Cells ; Mice, Inbred Balb C ; Spleen ; Bacillus Clausii ; Hyperplasia ; Escherichia Coli Infections ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Lymph Nodes