PURPOSE: To find the experience about clients with hypertension and to help them to care for themselves in the community. METHOD: All data was collected from August 1999 to October 1999, through in-depth interviews, observation, and telephone interview with 7 participants who have been diagnosed with hypertension for 1 to 10 years. According to Strauss and Corbin's Methodology, the data was continuously coded into concepts and categories, and then new data was analyzed simultaneously by a constant comparative method. RESULTS: There are 171 concepts, and then they were grouped into 34 the lower categories and 15 to the upper categories. The course of the coping of fear in hypertensive client consisted of 6 processes. The awareness of seriousness was context, and the fear was core phenomenon about the coping experience. We also found that hypertensive clients have 3 patterns, depending on the awareness degree of seriousness and the fear about hypertension. CONCLUSION: Our nurses should recognize the importance of effective management and seriousness about hypertension, offer clients the importance of family support and the information of etiology, symptoms and signs of hypertension, and provide the correct information on hypertensive medication. We should be able to guide their fear about hypertension to positive self-management, so that they may manage their disease thoroughly and effectively.
Humans ; Hypertension ; Interviews as Topic ; Self Care

This study provides standardized scientific criteria for education materials on nutrition and diet that could be used in schools, workplaces, and health and medical facilities. The study was conducted from April 2011 to October 2011. Literature reviews, institutional visits, and telephone interviews were conducted for the first draft of the accreditation criteria. Expert meeting and advisory councils were conducted in order to obtain feedback after development of the first draft of accreditation criteria. In order to verify the validity and reliability of the first draft on certification criteria, a survey was sent out to 143 professionals, including professors, researchers, health and medical experts, teachers, nutrition teachers, dietitians, and clinical nutritionists. After several modifications, the final accreditation criteria were established for 1) printed materials (authority, credibility, objectivity, organization, editing, real-life usability, activities and participation, and public interest), 2) web-sites (authority, credibility, objectivity, design, real-life usability, accessibility, currency, and public interest) and 3) materials with activities (credibility, organization, design, convenience of utilizing, safety, and public interest). Out of several criteria, contents (authority, credibility. and objectivity) and publicity (public interest) areas are mandatory requirements. For the accreditation, books for learning and materials with activities are required to meet more than six evaluation components, and the other materials are required to meet more than five evaluation components, including the required area. Accreditation criteria developed in this study could be used as a standard for development or selection of good education materials for nutrition and dietary life.
Accreditation* ; Certification ; Diet ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Learning ; Reproducibility of Results

BACKGROUND: Spinal stenosis and herniated intervertebral discs are the principal causes of lumbosacral radiculopathy. This study was conducted to compare the therapeutic value and duration of pain relief of fluoroscopic guided transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESIs) in patients with refractory radicular leg pain. METHODS: Between August 2006 and March 2007, 87 patients (H group: patients with herniated intervertebral disc, S group: patients with spinal stenosis) who met the inclusion criteria were treated with fluoroscopic guided TFESIs. Prior to treatment, the VAS and ODI scores were determine to evaluate the degree of pain and level of disability. The degree of pain relief was then assessed 1 month after treatment with the TFESIs and graded as excellent (no residual pain), good (improvement of pain symptoms by more than 50%), fair (improvement of pain symptoms by less than 50%) and Poor (no improvement of pain). In addition, the duration of pain relief was evaluated by regular outpatient visits for 6 months, and by telephone interviews after 6 months. RESULTS: The H and S group both had excellet results at 1 month after treatment with TFESIs showing improvements of 44.1% and 20.8% respectively. However this difference was not significant between groups. In addition, a duration of pain relief greater than 6 months was achieved in 32.4% of the patients in the H group and 37.7% of those in the S group. CONCLUSIONS: TFESIs had a similar degree of therapeutic effectiveness and duration of pain relief in patients with spinal stenosis and herniated intervertebral discs.
Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; Interviews as Topic ; Leg ; Outpatients ; Radiculopathy ; Spinal Stenosis

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of social support on loneliness and life satisfaction in elderly Korean Immigrants living in the U.S.A. The sample consisted of 174 community-dwelling elderly Korean Immigrants who lived in a large Midwestern city area. Telephone interviews were used to collect the data using translated Korean version of the Social Support Questionnaire 6, Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, and the Life Satisfaction Index-Z. A descriptive level correlational design was used in this study. Results indicated that the subjects had on the average of two to three emotional supporters. The mean score of social support satisfaction was between fairly and a little satisfaction on the scale. The mean score of loneliness was 42.60, indicating that the subjects were moderately lonely. the mean score of life satisfaction was 12.94, indicating that the subjects were moderately satisfied with their life. In this study, social support variables( network size and satisfaction ) had both a direct effect on life satisfaction and an indirect effect through loneliness. Elderly Korean immigrants who had the large number of people in their network were less lonely and thus more satisfied with their life than those who had the small number of people in their network. also, elderly Koreans who were more satisfied with social support were less lonely and thus more satisfied with their life than those who were less satisfied with social support. Social support satisfaction was a better predictor for loneliness and life satisfaction than social network size.
Aged* ; Emigrants and Immigrants* ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Loneliness* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The purpose of this study is to examine the factors influencing the allergic rhinitis patients' satisfaction with laser surgery. The data were collected by telephone interviews with 211 patients who visited E university hospital. The statistical methods used for the analysis were factor analysis, reliability test, and hierarchical multiple regression. We find that satisfaction level is a function of not only the surgery outcome but also the socio-psychological experience during treatment. With the improvement in nasal allergic condition, patients were more likely to be satisfied with medical services. And patients who had positive experience with physicians and facilities reported higher satisfaction level. While the surgery outcome explained 68% of the variation of satisfaction level, socio-psychological experience explained 23% of it. This result clearly shows that physicians need to pay attention to the socio-psychological aspect as well as the technical aspect of medical services.
Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Laser Therapy* ; Patient Satisfaction* ; Rhinitis*

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the differential effects caused by the interviewers and the days of the week using the 24-hour dietary recall method on the dietary evaluation of nutrient intakes. Thirteen subjects were interviewed by three trained interviewers on a Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. The consumption of nutrients by the subjects during each day was assessed. The average intake of nutrients was found to be sufficient except in calcium, iron, and vitamin A. there was a significant difference between the food intake on the weekdays and that o the weekend. However, the were no significant differences between the interviewers assessments on the intake of nutrients consumed by the subjects. The standardization of the portion size, interview skill and experience may be a few of the reasons explaining the elimination of the potential error created by variations among the interviewers. This study suggests that repeated 24-hour recalls during weekdays and weekends may be a better method for estimating the nutrients consumed by the subjects.
Calcium ; Eating ; Interviews as Topic ; Iron ; Portion Size ; Vitamin A

No abstract available.
Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; Interviews as Topic* ; Telephone*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to establish accreditation systems of reliable educational materials for nutrition and dietary life which could be used in schools, workplace, and health promotion. METHODS: The study was conducted from April 2011 to October 2011. Literature reviews, institutional visits, and telephone interviews were conducted. Expert meetings and advisory councils were held in order to receive feedback on development of the accreditation systems. A survey was conducted for the accreditation procedures on 143 professionals, including professors, researchers, health and medical experts, teachers, nutrition teachers, dietitians, and clinical nutritionists. RESULTS: The final procedure of the developed accreditation system was finalized as follows: 1) receiving application twice per year 2) complete desk review (written evaluation) by three reviewers within two months, 3) board review (all board members) and decision, and 4) no-tification of results. The accreditation system is set for printed materials, web-site, and materials for activities. The certificate and accreditation mark is issued to the final certified educational materials. Expiration date is established only for the web-site form. The accreditation length lasts for two years, and can be extended by renewal application. CONCLUSION: The dietary and nutrition related materials, which are certificated by this accreditation system, could impart reliable information and knowledge to both learners and educators, and help them in effective selection of educational materials. Therefore, this accreditation system might be expected to increase satisfaction for teaching and learning about nutrition and healthy dietary life.
Accreditation* ; Education* ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Learning ; Nutritionists

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data to develop the effective nursing intervention for the parent who have children with cancer by acquiring the deeper understanding of the mothers' adjustment of caring for their children with cancer. METHODS: The ethnographic research method was used to find out the pattern of caring adjustment in Korean cultural context. Informants consisted of 12 mothers who were caring for their children with cancer. The data were collected using in-depth interviews, participant observation, and telephone interviews by maximum variation purposive sampling. The data were analyzed following Spradley's methodology. RESULTS: The mothers' caring adjustment were organized into one cultural theme, four categories, and twelve properties. The cultural theme was 'standing alone as a mother with sin'. The four categories were 'blaming for falling illness', 'overcoming with motherhood', 'desperate struggling with side effects', and 'establishing new network as a dependent'. CONCLUSION: For the mothers who are caring children with cancer, the supportive nursing intervention based on the deeper understanding of mothers' pattern of caring adjustment for their children and centered on facilitating effective adjustment in each cultural context especially from the very early stage of caring in the hospital ward is extremely required.
Child* ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Korea* ; Mothers* ; Nursing ; Parents ; Qualitative Research

The inheritance of famous old traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) doctors plays an essential role in the fields of TCM research. Qualitative interviews allow for subjectivity and individuality within clinical experience as well as academic ideas of doctors, making it a potential appropriate research method for inheritance of famous old TCM doctors. We summarized current situations of inheritance research on famous old TCM doctors, and then discussed the feasibility of applying qualitative interviews in inheritance of famous old TCM doctors. By combining our experience in research on inheritance of famous old TCM doctors, we gave some advice on study design, interview implementation, data transcription and analyses , and report writing, providing a reference for further relevant research.
Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Physicians ; Research Design ; Writing