60 make a puncture to spinal disc to treat hernia in lumbi of 15 patients (8 males, 7 females of 18-57 years old ) in the Hospital 103. The procedure gave moderate to good results in 86.6% of patients, among them 46.6 had good and very good results. The procedure is easy to make, after a follow up, even of 3 years, no complications occurred
Hernia ; Punctures ; Intervertebral Disk Displacement ; Therapeutics

Subjective symptoms of a cool or warm sensation in the arm could be shown objectively by using of thermography with the detection of thermal change in the case of radiculopathy, including cervical disc herniation (CDH). However, the precise location of each thermal change at CDH has not been established in humans. This study used digital infrared thermographic imaging (DITI) for 50 controls and 115 CDH patients, analyzed the data statistically with t-test, and defined the areas of thermatomal change in CDH C3/4, C4/5, C5/6, C6/7 and C7/T1. The temperature of the upper trunk and upper extremities of the control group ranged from 29.8 degrees C to 32.8 degrees C. The minimal abnormal thermal difference in the right and left upper extremities ranged from 0.1 degree C to 0.3 degree C in 99% confidence interval. If delta T was more than 0.1 degree C, the anterior middle shoulder sector was considered abnormal (p < 0.01). If delta T was more than 0.3 degree C, the medial upper aspect of the forearm and dorsal aspect of the arm, some areas of the palm and anterior part of the fourth finger, and their opposite side sectors and all dorsal aspects of fingers were considered abnormal (p < 0.01). Other areas except those mentioned above were considered abnormal if delta T was more than 0.2 degree C (p < 0.01). In p < 0.05, thermal change in CDH C3/4 included the posterior upper back and shoulder and the anterior shoulder. Thermal change in CDH C4/5 included the middle and lateral aspect of the triceps muscle, proximal radial region, the posterior medial aspect of the forearm and distal lateral forearm. Thermal change in CDH C5/6 included the anterior aspects of the thenar, thumb and second finger and the anterior aspects of the radial region and posterior aspects of the pararadial region. Thermal change in CDH C6/7 included the posterior aspect of the ulnar and palmar region and the anterior aspects of the ulnar region and some fingers. Thermal change in CDH C7/T1 included the scapula and posterior medial aspect of the arm and the anterior medial aspect of the arm. The areas of thermal change in each CDH included wider sensory dermatome and sympathetic dermatome. There was a statistically significant change of temperature in the areas of thermal change in all CDH patients. In conclusion, the areas of thermal change in CDH can be helpful in diagnosing the level of disc protrusion and in detecting the symptomatic level in multiple CDH patients.
Adult ; Cervical Vertebrae* ; Female ; Human ; Intervertebral Disk Displacement/physiopathology* ; Male ; Skin Temperature* ; Thermography

The herniated lumbar disc (HLD) in adolescent patients is characterized by typical discogenic pain that originates from a soft herniated disc. It is frequently related to back trauma, and sometimes it is also combined with a degenerative process and a bony spur such as posterior Schmorl's node. Chemonucleolysis is an excellent minimally invasive treatment having these criteria: leg pain rather than back pain, severe limitation on the straight leg raising test (SLRT), and soft disc protrusion on computed tomography (CT). Microsurgical discectomy is useful in the cases of extruded or sequestered HLD and lateral recess stenosis due to bony spur because the nerve root is not decompressed with chymopapain. Spinal fusion, like as PLIF, should be considered in the cases of severe disc degeneration, instability, and stenosis due to posterior central bony spur. In our study, 185 adolescent patients, whose follow-up period was more than 1 year (the range was 1 - 4 years), underwent spinal surgery due to HLD from March, 1998 to December, 2002 at our institute. Among these cases, we performed chemonucleolysis in 65 cases, microsurgical discectomy in 94 cases, and posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) with cages in 33 cases including 7 reoperation cases. The clinical success rate was 91% for chemonucleolysis, 95% for microsurgical disectomy, and 89% for PLIF with cages, and there were no non- union cases for the PLIF patients with cages. In adolescent HLD, chemonucleolysis was the 1st choice of treatment because the soft adolescent HLD was effectively treated with chemonucleolysis, especially when the patient satisfied the chemonucleolysis indications.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Diskectomy/instrumentation/*methods ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; *Intervertebral Disk Chemolysis ; Intervertebral Disk Displacement/*surgery/*therapy ; Lumbar Vertebrae/*surgery ; Microsurgery ; Spinal Fusion/instrumentation/*methods ; Treatment Outcome

One hundred and fourteen cases of lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus were studied retrospectively. I reviewed the clinical records and radiographs of patients treated with diskectomy and anterior interbody fusion. I followed the patients from 2 years up to 15 years, for an average of 2.9 years. The results were calculated statistically by Fisher exact test and Chi-square test. Among 114 patients, 69 patients (60.5%) were male and 45 patients (39.5%) were female. The most common age group was in its twenties (28.1%), while the whole study group ranged from 19 to 65 years. The most commonly involved level was L4-5 (73 cases, 60.4%). In clinical results, 83.3% of cases were excellent or good. The rate of solid fusion was 87.8%. The most common type of fusing pattern was type 1. The satisfying clinical result had statistical correlation with the solid union of grafted bone and the fusion state of maintained intervertebral disk height, respectively, by Fisher exact test (p < 0.001). The affecting factors in clinical results were the solid fusion and fusion with the state of maintenance of intervertebral disk height (fusing pattern type I and II). I concluded that anterior diskectomy and interbody fusion is a recommendable method of treatment for lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus.
Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Human ; Intervertebral Disk Displacement/surgery* ; Intervertebral Disk Displacement/radiography ; Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery* ; Lumbar Vertebrae/radiography ; Male ; Middle Age ; Myelography ; Postoperative Complications ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Fusion/methods* ; Treatment Outcome

Disc fragment migration occurs in 35%-72% of lumbar disc herniations. Most of the herniated disc fragments migrate in the rostal, caudal and lateral directions. Posterior epidural disc fragment migration is a rare finding and posterior migration causing Cauda Equina syndrome is exceptionally rare. We report here on two cases of L4-5 disc fragment posterior epidural migration that caused Cauda Equina syndrome, and this was diagnosed by performing radiological examination, and we also include a review of the related literature.
Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; Polyradiculopathy

STUDY DESIGN: To study the correlation between the clinical outcomes and neovascularization and bFGF expression in the herniated disc tissues. OBJECTIVES: To study the difference of neovascularization and bFGF expression according to the types of disc herniation, and to study the correlation between the duration of radiculopathy, post-operative results and neovascularization and bFGF expression in the herniated disc tissues. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Neovascularization has been found in herniated disc tissue. bFGF(basic Fibroblast Growth Factor) in the intervertebral disc has been implicated in the pathogenesis of injury and repair associated with granulation and neovascularization. There is no information on the relationship between clinical outcome and the neovascularization and bFGF expression in the herniated disc tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 112 specimens, there are 48 cases in protrusion, 36 in extrusion and 28 in sequestration. Hematoxylin-eosin stain and immunochemical stain with CD 31 and bFGF were used. For the evaluation of post-operative results, Kirkaldy-Willis method was used. The results were analyzed with Chisquare test and t-test. RESULTS: Statistically there is no correlation between the types of disc herniation, duration of radiculopathy and post-operative outcomes and neovascularization and bFGF expression. CONCLUSIONS: The neovascularization and bFGF expression in herniated disc tissue are correlated with the injury of disc tissue. There are no correlation with the clinical outcomes and neovascularization and bFGF expression in herniated disc tissues.
Fibroblasts ; Intervertebral Disc ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; Radiculopathy

Symptomatic thoracic disc herniation is an uncommon condition and early surgical approaches were associated with significant morbidity and even mortality. We are the first to describe the technique of percutaneous thoracic nucleoplasty in three patients with severe radicular pain due to thoracic disc herniation. Two of the patients experienced more than 75% pain relief and one patient experienced more than 50% pain relief. Post-procedural pain relief was maintained up to an average of 10 months after nucleoplasty. One patient with preoperative neurological signs improved postoperatively. There were no reported complications in all three patients. In view of the reduced morbidity and shorter operating time, thoracic intervertebral disc nucleoplasty can be considered in patients with pain due to thoracic disc herniation, with no calcification of the herniated disc, and in patients who may be otherwise be unfit for conventional surgery.
Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement

This study was undertaken to prove that the selectively infiltrated parts of nucleus pulposus with indigo carmine was degenerated parts of nucleus pulposus. This study was done, between August and October 2002, in 5 patients, who received endoscopic discectomy, due to intervertebral disc herniation. Discogram was done with mixture of indigo carmine and radioactive dye. Blue discolored part was removed through endoscope, and small undiscolored part was removed together for the control. The two parts were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and compared under the microscope. Undiscolored part was normal nucleus pulposus, composed of chondrocytes with a matrix of type II collagen and proteoglycan, mainly aggrecan. However, in discolored part, slits with destruction of collagen fiber array and ingrowth of vessel and nerve were observed. Using indigo carmine in endoscopic discectomy gives us selective removal of degenerated disc.
Chondrocytes/metabolism/pathology ; Collagen Type II/metabolism ; Comparative Study ; Diskectomy/*methods ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Indigotindisulfonate Sodium/*diagnostic use ; Intervertebral Disk/metabolism/pathology/*surgery ; Intervertebral Disk Displacement/diagnosis/*surgery ; Proteoglycans/metabolism ; Sensitivity and Specificity

The most effective treatment methods for a herniated lumbar disc remain questionable. This report follows the patients course, from the onset of pain through the completion of the non-surgical treatment, and shows that a lumbar herniated disc, with radiculopathy, can be successfully treated with a non-surgical approach. This report discusses the possible explanations for disc resorption: retraction into the intervertebral space, dehydration/shrinkage and resorption due to an inflammatory reaction. A non-surgical approach can be an effective treatment option for a herniated lumbar disc.
Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; Radiculopathy

Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) is a common disease that induces back pain and radicular pain. Some cases require surgical treatment due to persistent severe pain. However, in some cases, pain can be relieved with conservative treatment or at times relived spontaneously. Therefore, the most effective treatment method for HNP is undefinable. Spontaneous regression of HNP has been recognized with the advancement of radiological diagnostic tools and can explain the reason of spontaneous relief of symptoms without treatment.
Back Pain ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement