Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a group of rare and serious complications caused by liver disease,which is summarized as "progressive chronic liver disease,pulmonary vasodilatation,abnormal gas exchange leading to arterial hypoxemia".Progressive hypoxemia causes high mortality in children with HPS,and liver transplantation is the only effective cure method.At present,there are few research on HPS in children,especially in China.The possible etiology,pathogenesis,clinical characteristics,diagnosis and detection methods,treatment and prognosis are reviewed in this paper.

Childhood asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are the common chronic disorders.Studies have shown that asthma can not only reduce lung function in childhood,but also increase the prevalence rate of COPD in adult life,so childhood asthma is one of the risk factors for COPD.Studies have been conducted abroad for exploring the relationship between childhood asthma and the prevalence of COPD in adult life,in terms of epidemiology,pulmonary function,and molecular mechanisms.This review is to specifically address the relationship between childhood asthma and COPD in adult life.

Long non-coding RNA plays an important regulatory role in life activities of organisms and is widely involved in the pathological and physiological processes of organisms.Abnormal expression of long noncoding RNA also frequently occurrs in some inflammatory diseases.In these diseases,there may be excessive inflammatory damage,or an imbalance in the immune response.Bronchial asthma is a typical airway inflammatory disease,and the imbalance of immune response plays an essential role in its development.Long non-coding RNA may be involved in the regulation of the pathogenesis of asthma through the dual mechanism of innate and adaptive immunity.This review summarizes the immune-inflammatory regulation mechanism of long non-coding RNA and its preliminary research progresses in asthma.

Air pollution plays an important role in the occurrence and development of childhood asthma and is one of the risk factors of asthma.In daily life,there are a great variety of air pollutants.They have a wide range of sources.They can increase the risk of asthma onset and acute exacerbations,impair the lung function of children,lead to immunologic derangement,enhance allergenicity and reduce the responsiveness to treatment via various mechanisms and signal pathways.Age,gender,obesity,sensitization,antioxidants supplement,protective measures and other factors impose the adverse effects of pollutants on the children.Although some progress has been made in the research of air pollution and asthma in children,many problems are still needed to be further explored.This review summarizes the common air pollutants on the initiation and evolution of childhood asthma.

Bronchial asthma is a common respiratory disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation.In recent years,fractional exhaled nitric oxide as a non-invasive assessment of airway inflammation detection methods is widely used to determine the nature of airway inflammation,judge the responsiveness of steroids therapy,help to clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis,adjust hormone therapy,evaluate prognosis.This paper discusses about fractional exhaled nitric oxide's research progress,production and role,the normal standard,clinical application in children with wheezing and related diseases.

Bronchial asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation,and its pathogenesis is complex.Epithelial mitochondrial damage is one of the important pathogenesis of asthma and an important bridge between airway inflammation and airway remodeling.Inhibition of mitochondrial damage,and thus inhibition of oxidative stress,may be an effective method to reduce epithelial cell damage and inhibit airway remodeling,which may be a breakthrough in asthma treatment.This review summarizes the role of mitoehondria in the pathogenesis of asthma.

Frontal lobe epilepsy,of which the morbidity is second to temporal lobe epilepsy,is one of the most common types of focal epilepsy.Its clinical manifestations are diversiform.Ictal electroencephalogram (EEG) and cranial imaging examinations are helpful in diagnosis making,but the misdiagnosis rate is still high.With the development of gene diagnosis and precision medicine in recent years,the use of genetic tests is increasing for frontal lobe epilepsy.Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) as a common type of frontal lobe epilepsy is most closely associated with gene mutations.So far,6 kinds of genetic mutations have been found associating with frontal lobe epilepsy.Research progress in pathogenic mutafons will enhance the advancement of diagnosis and treatment of frontal lobe epilepsy.

Henoch-schonlein purpura nephritis(HSPN) is the most common secondary glomerular disease in children.The pathogenesis of HSPN is unclear.In recent years,there have been some reports on B lymphocyte activating factor(BAFF) and a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL),new members of the tumor necrosis factor family,as well as their association with HSPN.This paper reviews the related research from the following aspects:structure and biological functions of BAFF and APRIL,the role of BAFF/APRIL in the pathogenesis of HSPN,the prospect of BAFF and APRIL targeted biological agents in the treatment of HSPN.It provides a reference for further research on BAFF/APRIL system and HSPN.

Kartagener syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease with low incidence.Clinically,typical visceral inversion,bronchiectasis and sinusitis triad are typical.The pathogenesis of the disease is not clear.The principle of treatment is mainly symptomatic treatment,postponing the progress of bronchiectasis,Lack of fundamental treatment.The disease generally has a good prognosis.This article reviews recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of Kartagener syndrome at home and abroad.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD)is a common respiratory disease among preterm infants,especially among little premature infants.BPD has unique clinical,imageology and histological features.The exact etiology and pathogenesis of BPD remain unclear in current studies and there are no effective treatments.Current studies mainly focus on high-risk infants screening examination and its prevention.Predicting possible biomarkers of BPD is a research focus.This article reviews the biomarkers predicted by BPD in blood at home and abroad in recent years.