There is not a unified and specific treatment for IgA nephropathy at present,and the treatments varies with the individuals,because of the great disparity of seriousness,diversity in pathological changes and discrepancy in course of the disease.It is still regarded as the major therapeutic objective in clinical medicine that alleviating the clinical symptoms,protecting the kidney function,and delaying the progress of kidney disease.

Central core disease (CCD) is a dominantly inherited congenital myopathy,manifesting as static or slowly progressive weakness ofproximal muscles.Histological characteristics on muscle biopsy are the well defined areas devoid of oxidative enzyme stains.Ryanodine receptor 1 gene mutations are associated with CCD.Great progress has been made in recent years about the RYR1 gene mutaion and the clinical feature of CCD.Genotypic and Phenotypic variations of RYR1 related CCD are reviewed.

Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway not only plays key roles in embryonic development,but also functions in postnatal development and maintenance of tissue/organ integrity and function.In recent years,it has been found that the SHH signaling pathway was abnormally activated in some lung diseases,which suggested that the SHH signaling pathway may play a part in the development of some lung diseases.This article reviewed the potential role of SHH signaling pathway on the embryonic lung development and lung diseases.

Many studies have suggested that pathogenesis of asthma could no longer be interpreted merely by “Th1/Th2 balance” theory.CD4 + CD25 + Treg and Th17 cells,as well as their cytokines such as IL-10,transforming growth factor-β,and IL-17,account for asthma.CD4 + CD25 + Treg and Th17 are functionally antagonistic to each other,and also go with each other during their differentiation.Therefore,immunity-unbalance of CD4 + CD25 + Treg and Th17 is one of the most important factors that triggers asthma.Glucocorticoid has been shown to down regulate IL-17 expression by retinoic acid receptors γt signaling pathway,and regulate differentiation and function of CD4 + CD25 + Treg by inducing expression of transcription factor Foxp3,all of these are immuno-mechanisms of glucocorticoid in asthma treatment.

Congenital heart disease is one of the most common birth defects.In early pregnancy,congenital heart disease screening methods mainly include neck translucency thickness measurement,ductus venosus flow measurement and fetal echocardiography.In the second trimester fetal heart disease most directly by fetal ultrasound examination for diagnosis of heartbeat,besides cardiac anatomic abnormalities,arrhythmia the diagnosis and assessment of heart function also are the important examination content.Focusing on more congenital heart disease related gene researches can provide reliable basis for prenatal diagnosis.Through the fetal congenital heart disease screening intervention,physicians can help early formulation of clinical decision making,alleviate the burden of the families,which has obvious social and economic benefits.

Adoptive cellular immunotherapy is a novel treatment that uses immunological cells with antitumor activity,expanded in vitro and infused into the patient with tumor.The activated immunological cells mediate direct or indirect anti-tumor response via tumor ceUs killing or lysis.This article reviews some novel advances of immunological cells used in adoptive cellular immunotherapy for leukemia,such as NK cell,artificial antigen-presenting ceils,leukemia-derived dendritic cells,CD4+T ceHs,Th17 cells and mixed immunological cells.

Specific immunotherapy(SIT)is the most effective therapy for allergies.Although specific immunotherapy has existed for more than 90 years and has made a great progress,its mechanism is not well defined.Early studies focused on the circulating antibodies and effector cells.At present.the research of the mechanism mainly concentrates on the immune therapy on T cells role and a series of cytokines arising from the change,CD4+ regulatory T cells subsets,modified APC induction of immune tolerance,aggregation mechanism of immune effector cells,restructuring allergens under the support of monoclonal antibody technique,allergens DNA vaccines,allergens coupling adjuvants.This essay is a review of progress in mechanism of specific immunotherapy.

Necrotizing enterocolitis is an acute gastrointestinal disease in infants.Recent studies have reported that approximately 25％ to 35％ infants receiving packed red blood cell transfusions develop transfusionrelated necrotizing enterocolitis.The pathogenesis of transfusion-related necrotizing enterocolitis is not clear.This article reviews previous researches and current theoretical perspectives of transfusion-related necrotizing enterocolitts.

In recent years,the studies have shown that the incidence of type 1 diabetes(T1D)is closely related to the infection of human enteroviruses,particularly Coxsackie B Viruses(CVB).On one hand.the researches show that vires infection can induce T1D,and it is associated with the viral amount.the viral strain,and the host microenvironment.On the other hand,the studies confirm that viral infection also can inhibit the incidence of T1D.In terms of the factors,which is related to the vires infection-inducing.T1D.and the possible mechanism of the virus infection-inhibiting-T1D,the article aims to explore the relationship between CVB infection and the incidence of T1D based on referring to foreign literatures in recent years.

When directly breast feeding for preterm infants is not available,a preferred alternative is expressed maternal milk or donor breast milk.The evidences to date indicated that feeding preterm infants with expressed maternal milk and donor breast milk was associated with a slower growth in the early postnatal period,the effects on long-term growth in preterm infants was still unclear.Feeding with expressed maternal milk and donor breast milk could deliver preterm infants a degree of specific components of human milk.The potential benefits of the specific components for preterm infants were associated with promoting neurodevelopment and decreasing the incidence of feeding complications.Before expressed maternal milk and donor breast milk are widely used in clinical practice,further studies are still needed to explore the long-term effects on growth and development in preterm infants.