The activation of CD40-CD40L costimulatory signal channel plays a necessary role in T cellmediated immune response. Activation of CD40 on antigen presenting cells by CD40L which expressed on Tlymphocytes, while contributing to the pro-in? ammatory response necessary for eradication of infection, accounts for the pathology in autoimmunity. Meanwhile, there is evidence that CD40 is also expressed on T-lymphocytes and can act as a costimulatory molecule. Further dissection of the exact nature and role of CD40 in T cell activation could lead the way to novel therapeutics for diseases which include organ-graft refection, autoimmune diseases,tumor, and inflammation.

In rotavirus infection, NF-κB plays an important role in regulation of host defense and pathogenic of rotavirus. On the one hand, by the signal regulation mechanism of NF-κ Bmediated, host plays antiviral effect and immune-related role. On the other hand, by blocking NF-κB nuclear accumulation and other reactions, rotavirus evades the host immune response. Consequently, the outcome of rotavirus infection may depend on dominant way of NF-κ Bregulating.

Secretome includes all the gene products secreted by a cell. The development of proteomicbased approaches and genome-based computational prediction technology have gradually revealed secretome plays an important role in pathogen infection recently. Secretome facilitates pathogen to proliferate and invade the host by inhibiting the host's immune system, resisting acidic PH conditions, snatching nutrition and so on.Identification of pathogenic secretome helps discovering new drug targets and biomarkers, and supporting the diagnosis and treatment.

The morbility of bronchial asthma is gradually increasing year by year all over the world. Numerous studies have demonstrated that bronchial asthma is close related with immunoregulation. Vitamin D3 is involved to immune regulatory mechanisms in bronchial asthma, including regulating cytokine, Treg, matrix metalloproteinases-9. Considering the influence of vitamin D3 on the immune regulatory of bronchial asthma, it is provided a theory evidence that vitamin D can be used in the treatment of bronchial asthma effectivly and a novel method of immune treatment for children with bronchial asthma eventually.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), which can reflect the 24h mean blood pressure, precisely characterize changes in blood pressure throughout daily activities and circadian rhythm, has been found to be superior to traditional blood pressure monitoring. ABPM is in more widespread use in recognition of children's white coat hypertension and masked hypertension, predicting target-organ damage, assessing the efficacy of antihypertentive drug treatment and distinguishing primary hypertension from secondary hypertension.The article summarizes the clinical applications of ABPM in pediatrics.

In the treatment of parenteral nutrition(PN) of preterm infants, parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis(PNAC) is the most common complication. However, the mechanisms of how this complication happens are unknown. This paper summarizes the research reports about PNAC both at home and aboard in recent years and raises various precautions on premature birth avoiding, reasonable feeding, PN projects optimizing and so on.Ursodeoxycholicacid is the first-line drug in the current treatment for PNAC.

Sublingual immunotherapy(SLIT) has received increasing attention as a treatment for asthma due to house-dust mites. The precise mechanisms of SLIT remain unclear, but SLIT has been shown to modify the balance of Th1/Th2, increase IgG4 and decrease IgE. The allergen is captured within the oral mucosa by Langerhans-like dentritic cells, suggesting that such cells are prone to induce tolerance. Increasing data support the safety, efficacy and good compliance with SLIT. However, the precise mechanisms, optimal dosage and duration of SLIT require further investigation.

Abnormal auditory responses is one of the common features in autism. The characteristics and pathogenesis of the abnormality is not quite clear. The results of electrophysiological hearing evaluation ( i. e,brainstem auditory evoked potentials, otoacoustic emissions) in autistic children are inconsistent. The abnormal aduitory responses may contribute to the poor social interaction and communication in autism.

Incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy of children is increasing in recent years. But, the pathogenesis remains obscure. Genetic factor. viral infection, autoimmunity and apoptosis may play some important roles in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy. We will summarize the progress in pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy of children.

Epidemiological and clinical studies have provided compelling evidence that suggests a link between the relative lack of infectious diseases and the increase in allergic disorders. Asthma usually starts early in life. The early occurrence of asthma suggests that prinatal influences are of importance.Prenatal or postnatal exposure to endotoxins and other bacterial products may protect against the development of asthma in the infant. We will briefly outline the current state of the relationship of the perinatal infection and asthma in the infant, and focus our review mainly on possible rneehanism of perinatal infection providing protection against asthma in the infant, such as Th1/Th2 immune system, transcription factors, protection by maternal antibodies, endotoxin tolerance, pulmonary inflammation and genetic influences.