In the treatment of parenteral nutrition(PN) of preterm infants, parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis(PNAC) is the most common complication. However, the mechanisms of how this complication happens are unknown. This paper summarizes the research reports about PNAC both at home and aboard in recent years and raises various precautions on premature birth avoiding, reasonable feeding, PN projects optimizing and so on.Ursodeoxycholicacid is the first-line drug in the current treatment for PNAC.

Sublingual immunotherapy(SLIT) has received increasing attention as a treatment for asthma due to house-dust mites. The precise mechanisms of SLIT remain unclear, but SLIT has been shown to modify the balance of Th1/Th2, increase IgG4 and decrease IgE. The allergen is captured within the oral mucosa by Langerhans-like dentritic cells, suggesting that such cells are prone to induce tolerance. Increasing data support the safety, efficacy and good compliance with SLIT. However, the precise mechanisms, optimal dosage and duration of SLIT require further investigation.

Abnormal auditory responses is one of the common features in autism. The characteristics and pathogenesis of the abnormality is not quite clear. The results of electrophysiological hearing evaluation ( i. e,brainstem auditory evoked potentials, otoacoustic emissions) in autistic children are inconsistent. The abnormal aduitory responses may contribute to the poor social interaction and communication in autism.

Airway remodeling is the result of chronic inflammation, which including airway wall thickening, matrix and collagen deposition, epithelial hyperplasia and fibrosis, smooth proliferation and hypertrophy,fibroblast proliferation, and mucus glands and goblet cell proliferation, micrangium generation and other pathological changes. Airway smooth muscle change is known as the reason of airway hyper - responsiveness and asthma aggravating. There are many factors which can induce airway smooth muscle hypertrophy and proliferation, such as inflammation, cytokines,extracellular matrix and genetic factors. In addition, recent researches reveal the airway smooth muscle is also an important source of inflammation. In this paper the latest opinion of the role of asthma airway smooth muscle in the airway remodeling were elaborated,and inhale hormone earlier was suggested.

Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD)is a frequently diagnosed congenital heart malformation affecting the atrioventricular valves and septa. Heart transcription factors play fundamental roles in atrioventricular valves development and atrioventricular septa formation. Now cardiac transcription factors ( GATA4, NKX2. 5,TBX5 ,ZIC3)have been identified to involve in the pathogenesis of AVSD in humans. Their abnormal expression or function change may cause atrioventricular valve and septa developmental anomalies. Here we review advances in the understanding of the relationship between these transcription factors and AVSD.

Staphylococcus aureus can cause a broad variety of infections, ranging from minor infections of the skin to serious necrotic pneumonia. Pathogenicity and high degree of multi-drug resistance are the characteristics of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ). The cause of resistance to methicillin and all other β-lactam antibiotics is the mecA gene, which is situated on a mobile genetic element, the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). Eight major variants of SCCmec, type Ⅰ to Ⅷ, are distinguished. This paper describes the structure and typing of SCCmec, its discovery, detection methods and distributiong are reviewed.

Renal interstitial fibrosis is basically the common terminal pathway of various progressive renal diseases. Decrease of interstitial capillary density plays an important role in renal interstitial fibrosis. Endothelial progenitor cells can be induced to differentiate into mature vascular endothelial cells. They contribute to angiogenesis and angiopoiesis, and therefore may be a potential therapeutic approach for chronic kidney disease..

The role of dopamine D3 receptors playing in drug dependence has attracted a lot of attention.Pharmacological experiments suggest that dopamine D3 receptors be involved in mechanism of drug addiction and affect the movement and behavior of rodents. Dopamine D3 receptor gene is considered as a candidate gene related to dopaminergic system dysfunction including schizophrenic disorders and essential tremor.

Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by deficits in socialization, communication, and adaptive functioning. To investigate its neurophysiology, lots of measures have been used. In the past twenty years, due to its evaluation function in the central auditory processing and recognition, auditory event related potential has been implemented in autism more and more generally.

Fragile X syndrome is a common cause of inherit mental retardation,GABAA receptors are the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptros in the mammalian central nervous system, implicated in anxiety,depression, epilepsy, sleeping problem, learning and memory, and so on. Several researches indicated that the GABAergic system, in particular the GABAA receptors might be related to the phenotype of fragile X syndrome. An altered expression of certain subunits of the GABAA receptors may cause the neurological and behavioural changes of the fragile X syndrome. Therefore,the GABAA receptors can be a novel therapeutic target for treatment of fragile X syndrome.