Sirtuin is a type of deacetylase acted on histone. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is the most homologous to the homologue of silent information regulator 2 (SIR2) in mammals. Its main function is to regulate the body energy metabolism, cell senescence and response to stress. SIRTI inhibits apoptosis through the interaction of several transcription factors involving in stress response. It is a neuroprotective gent.

Vascular eognitive impairment (VCI) is a large class of syndromes from mild cognitive impairment to dementia, which are caused by the cerebrovascular risk factors (eg, hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipemia), obvious (eg, cerebral infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage) or unobvious cerebrovascular diseases (leukoaraiosis and chronic cerebral ischemia). Accurate early diagnosis provides the best treatment opportunity and slows down the progress of the disease. In recent years, the research on VCI has made a great progress. This article reviews VCI from the aspects of the etiology, clinical manifestation, neuropsychology, imaging, neuroelectrophysiology, biomarkers, and diagnostic criteria.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common nervous system disease, its mortality and disability are very high. However, the mechanisms of brain injury after ICH have not yet been fully explained. "[he latest studies have suggested that iron overloading plays an important role in the brain injury after ICH. This article reviews the advances in research on the distribution and function of iron in the brain, the mechanisms of brain injury caused by iron overloading after ICH as well as the use of iron chelator.

At present, ischemie stroke is one of the main diseases of the highest mortality and disability in the world. However, the traditional treatment methods (for example, thrombolytic therapy) have some disadvantages, such as narrow time window, and poor efficacy. As a cell therapy, cord blood stem cell transplantation has brought hope to the treatment of refractory nervous system diseases.

Synaptic injury exists in the early period of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), and it is closely correlated with the cognitive dysfunction, however, its specific mechanism remains unclear. To study the plasticity of synaptic morphological structure, the plasticity of the efficiency of synaptic transmission as well as the role and mechanism of synapic proteins in the onset of VCI will help to further clarify the pathogenesis of VCI, and thus more effectively combat VCI.

arotid artery stenosis is a common clnical disease, and its treatment includes drug therapy, carotid endarterectomy and carotid angioplasty and stenting. This article reviews the advances in the management of carotid artery stenosis.

Objective To detect the alteration of circulating CD34 + cell level in patients with the In'st-ever nonlacunar stroke and to investigate the prognostic value of CD34 +cell level. Methods 1he level of the circulating CD34+ cells were examined using flow eytometry in 119 patients with nonlacunar infarction. 1he patients were divided into group A (higher than average) and group B (lower than average) according to the detected values, The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores on admission and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at 3 months after the onset in the two groups wre compared. Results The level of CD34 + cells in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (0. 048 ± 0. 001 versus 0. 032 ± 0. 002, P < 0. 05 ), however, there was no significantly difference in NIHSS sores between the two groups. One week after admission, the increased level of CD34 + cells in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (0. 001 ±0. 003 versus - 0. 005 ± 0. 000, P < 0. 05 ). Three months after the onset of symptoms, the average mRS score in group A was significantly superior to that in group B (2. 98 ± 1.14 versus 3.25 ± 1.39, P <0. 05). 1he level of circulating CD34 + cells at the initial onset of symptom was negatively correlated with the mRS score at 3 months after stroke (r = -0. 48, P <0. 05). Conclusions The higher level of circulating CD34+ cells had better prognosis in patients with cerebral infarction. The level of circulating CD34+ ceils may be used as a prognostic indicator in patients with cerebral infarction.

Objective To investigate the relationship between β-fibrinogen (β-Fg) gene -455G/A,- 148C/T polymorphisms and atrial fibrillation (AF) with cerebral infarction.Methods Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to detect the genotypes of -455G/A and -148C/T in 97 patients with AF with cerebral infarction (AF with cerebral infarction group),80 patients with AF alone (AF group),and 98 health subjects (healthy control group).Results The A allele frequencies of -455G/A in the AF with cerebral infarction group and the AF group were 0.304 and 0.344 respectively.They were significantly higher than 0.179 in the healthy control group (all P＜0.05).The T allele frequencies of - 148C/T in the AF with cerebral infarction group and the AF group were 0.348and 0.369,respectively.They were significant higher than 0.240 in the healthy control group (all P＜0.05).Conclusions The A allele of -455G/A and the T allele of -148C/T were associated with AF with cerebral infarction and AF.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of stroke-associated infection (SAI)and their correlation with immunodepression.Methods One hundred fourteen consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted with 24 hours after symptom onset were enrolled.They were divided into infection (n =45) and non-infection (n =69) groups according to whether they had infection or not within 7 days after admission.Automatic blood analyzer and flow cytometry were used to measure the peripheral blood lymphocyte count and T lymphocyte subsets on the day of admission.Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the related risk factors for SAI.Results There were statistical significances in vomiting,disturbance of consciousness,dysphagia,indwelling gastric tube,indwelling catheter on admission,and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score 0-3 days after admission between the infection and non-infection groups.Further more,the numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes,CD3 + and CD4 + T lymphocytes in the infection group were significantly lower than those in the non-infection group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that dysphagia,the increased NIHSS score 3 days after admission,and the decreased numbers of CD4 + T lymphocytes were the independent risk factors for SAI.Conclusions The T lymphocyte immune function decreased in patients with SAI.It was the result of the combined action of various factors.Targeted prevention and treatment should be taken to reduce the occurrence of SAI.

There are a number of serum biomarkers related with the process of the pathogenesis,destabilization and rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque.And thus,it is fairly important in clinical practice to identify vulnerable plaque and predict plaque rupture by detecting the expression of the serum biomarkers.This review aims at giving an overview on recent emerging biomarkers that are related to vulnerable plaque.