OBJECTIVE: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) detects various patterns, which can be attributed to many factors. The purpose of this study was to measure the level of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and highly specific protein [beta-trace protein (betaTP)] for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in CSDHs, and correlate the levels of these markers with the MRI findings. METHODS: Thirty one patients, treated surgically for CSDH, were divided on the basis of MRI findings into hyperintense and non-hyperintense groups. The concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, and betaTP in the subdural fluid and serum were measured. The betaTP was considered to indicate an admixture of CSF to the subdural fluid if betaTP in the subdural fluid (betaTP(SF))/betaTP in the serum (betaTP(SER))>2. RESULTS: The mean concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 of the hyperintense group (n=17) of T1-WI MRI were 3975.1+/-1040.8 pg/mL and 6873.2+/-6365.4 pg/mL, whereas them of the non-hyperintense group (n=14) were 2173.5+/-1042.1 pg/mL and 2851.2+/-6267.5 pg/mL (p<0.001 and p=0.004). The mean concentrations of betaTP(SF) and the ratio of betaTP(SF)/betaTP(SER) of the hyperintense group (n=13) of T2-WI MRI were 7.3+/-2.9 mg/L and 12.6+/-5.4, whereas them of the non-hyperintense group (n=18) were 4.3+/-2.3 mg/L and 7.5+/-3.9 (p=0.011 and p=0.011). CONCLUSION: The hyperintense group on T1-WI MRI of CSDHs exhibited higher concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 than non-hyperintense group. And, the hyperintese group on T2-WI MRI exhibited higher concentrations of betaTP(SF) and the ratio of betaTP(SF)/betaTP(SER) than non-hyperintense group. These findings appear to be associated with rebleeding and CSF admixture in the CSDHs.
Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Cytokines* ; Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic* ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukin-8 ; Interleukins ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Prospective Studies*

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) induces an inflammatory reaction and may lead to ischemic brain damage. The pathogenesis of brain dysfunction and delayed ischemic symptoms remain difficult to understand despite extensive surveys of such reactions. Cytokine production in the central nervous system following SAH and its relation with clinical outcome have hardly been studied. This study was aimed to determine whether the levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the initial cerebrospinal fluid would increase following aneurysmal SAH, and be related with development of delayed ischemic deficit and clinical outcome. Nineteen patients suffering from aneurysmal SAH and 12 control volunteers were the subjects in this study. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained on admission and the levels of each cytokine were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage showed elevated levels of IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha on admission. The patients with poor neurological status showed high levels of IL-1 beta, and IL-6. The patients who developed delayed ischemic deficit had high level of IL-6. We suggest that elevated level of IL-6 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with aneurysmal SAH on admission can predict the high risk of delayed ischemic deficit.
Adult ; Aged ; Brain Ischemia/*cerebrospinal fluid/*diagnosis/immunology ; Cytokines/*cerebrospinal fluid ; Female ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Human ; Interleukin-1/cerebrospinal fluid ; Interleukin-6/cerebrospinal fluid ; Male ; Middle Age ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/*cerebrospinal fluid/*diagnosis/immunology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor/cerebrospinal fluid

PURPOSE: Cytokines found at a inflammatory site may be a good indicator of clinical severity of an infectious inflammatory disease. We assayed interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients affected with viral meningitis, and verified the relationship between IL-6 and inflammatory parameters and whether IL-6 can be used as a diagnostic marker in the diagnosis of viral meningitis. METHODS: We measured CSF IL-6 concentration in viral meningitis (30 cases) and healthy children (3 cases) by using ELISA, and also measured serum and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) chemistry and inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP). We compared the data and analyzed the relationship between the results. RESULTS: The CSF IL-6 levels of viral meningitis (520.1+/-384.3pg/dL) were significantly higher than that of normal control (2.3+/-4.0pg/dL) (P<0.05). The relationship between CSF IL-6 level and serum CRP was significant (P=0.0041). The relationship between CSF protein level and CSF IL-6 level was significant (P=0.001). There was no significant correlation between CSF IL-6 level and CSF WBC count. CONCLUSION: According to these results, we concluded that viral meningitis is highly associated with CSF IL-6, and we predict CSF IL-6 is useful in the diagnosis and prediction of treatment for viral meningitis.
C-Reactive Protein ; Cerebrospinal Fluid* ; Chemistry ; Child ; Cytokines ; Diagnosis ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Interleukin-6* ; Meningitis, Viral*

PURPOSE: The mechanisms underlying febrile convulsions, which have multiple etiological factors, are not yet clear. The aim of the present study was to determine whether there were any changes and correlations in serum and cerebro-spinal fluid(CSF) zinc(zn) levels and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha), Interleukin-1beta(IL-1beta) and Interleukin-6(IL-6) in children with febrile convulsions. METHODS: Serum and CSF zinc levels and the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 were measured in 20 children with febrile convulsions : 14 with simple febrile convulsions, 6 with complex convulsions and 20 as health controls. Zinc levels were measured by automic absorption spectrophotometry(Thermo Jarrell Ash/Smith-Hieftje 1000). The TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 were measured by sandwich-type ELISA kit(Genzyme co.). RESULTS: The CSF and serum zn levels of the febrile convulsion group were found to have a mean of a 58.92+/-64.85micro gram/dl, 106.5+/-64.9micro gram/dl, respectively. In the controls, the CSF and serum zn levels were a mean of a 68.66+/-43.0micro gram/dl, 109.6+/-36.9micro gram/dl, respectively. We found that the TNF-alpha were undetectable in serum and CSF of all children with febrile convulsions and control subjects. CONCLUSION: No significant relationship was found between zinc levels of the serum and CSF and the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 in children with febrile convulsions or controls. These results do not support the hypothesis that febrile convulsions are related to reduced serum and CSF zn levels and also elevated levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6.
Absorption ; Cerebrospinal Fluid* ; Child ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; Necrosis ; Seizures ; Seizures, Febrile* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Zinc*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Bacteremia* ; Cerebrospinal Fluid* ; Haemophilus influenzae* ; Haemophilus* ; Interleukin-6* ; Kinetics* ; Meningitis* ; Models, Animal* ; Rats* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha*

PURPOSE: Cytokines play important roles on the expression of various neuronal inflammatory disease and insults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of interleukine (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in children with aseptic meningitis and compare them with those of the patients having other acute neurological symptoms. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the children who admitted in the pediatric department of Hanyang University Guri Hospital for acute neurological symptoms and had CSF examinations from September 2012 to July 2013. We classified them into six groups as acute encephalopathy, epilepsy, febrile convulsion, headache, infantile fever, and meningitis. We analyzed the clinical and laboratory data from them. RESULTS: A total of 87 CSFs of the patients were available. The levels of CSF IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were significantly increased in the group with aseptic meningitis group as compared to the other groups (P<0.05). CSF IL-6 (r=0.576, P=0.000), IL-8 (r=0.329, P=0.003), and IL-10 (r=0.523, P=0.000) were all significantly correlated with CSF White bood cell (WBC) count. Among the patients with aseptic meningitis, CSF enterovirus positive patients (CSF entero+) showed significantly increased IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 levels than CSF enterovirus negative patients (CSF entero-) (P<0.05). In addition, the CSF entero+ and the increase of IL-10 were significantly correlated (x2=6.827, P=0.033). CONCLUSION: In patients with aseptic meningitis, the CSF IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 were more expressed than in other neurological disease group. Among them, the enteroviral meningitis may be more related with IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 expression than in other causes of aseptic meningitis.
Cerebrospinal Fluid* ; Child* ; Cytokines ; Enterovirus ; Epilepsy ; Fever ; Headache ; Humans ; Interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukin-8 ; Interleukins ; Medical Records ; Meningitis ; Meningitis, Aseptic* ; Neurons ; Retrospective Studies ; Seizures, Febrile

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the changes in the IL-1beta and the IL-6 concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after initial successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), to examine the difference in the IL-1beta and the IL-6 concentrations in CSF between the cerebral performance category (CPC) 1-2 group and CPC 3-5 group after successful CPR, and to identify early makers predicting the outcome after successful CPR. METHODS: We studied prospectively 10 patients with spontaneous circulation after CPR. Samples of CSF were taken at 20 min, 4 hr, 24 hr, and 48 hr after restoration of spontaneous circulation. The control group was consisted of the nonspecific 6 patients in brain computed tomography and CSF finding among the visited patients in emergency department with complaints of headache. The CSF IL-1beta and IL-6 were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: 1) The concentrations of CSF IL-6 for CPC 3-5 were higher in the successful CPR group than in the control group. 2) In the severely neurologically disabled group (CPC 3-5), the concentrations of CSF IL-6 were significantly higher at 20 min 4 hr, 24 hr and 48 hr after successful CPR than they were in the mildly neurologically disabled group(CPC 1-2). 3) The concentrations of CSF IL-6 in the severely neurologically disabled group (CPC 3-5) reached peak levels at 24 hours after successful CPR. 4) The concentrations of CSF IL-1beta did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that CSF IL-6 is increased more in the severely neurologically disabled group (CPC 3-5) than it is in the mildly neurologically disabled group (CPC 1-2) after successful CPR. We found a significant relationship between the concentration of CSF IL-6 and initial outcome for the CPR patient. Thus, we suggest that CSF IL-6 might play a role in brain ischemic-reperfusion injury and might be used as a prognostic marker after successful CPR.
Brain ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Headache ; Heart Arrest* ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain* ; Interleukin-1beta ; Interleukin-6 ; Prospective Studies

This study was conducted to determine the level of inflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with meningitis. All the CSF of the patients were examined by Gram and acid-fast stain, culture, and PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycoplasrma spp..The levels of sugar, protein and leukocytes count were also evaluated in the CSFs. Concentrations of Interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a in the CSF were evaluated by the ELISA kit (Genzyme, USA). General bacteria, tubercle bacilli, and Mycoplasma spp. were not detected with stain and culture methods, but, Mycoplasma spp. was detected by PCR method from four (6.3%) patients with meningitis. The mean CSF concentration of IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-cx in the control group were 0.6+/-0.2, 896.8+/-107.6, 50.1+/-5.1, and 4.8+/-1.4 pg/ml, respectively. The mean CSF concentration of IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-a in the patients with aseptic meningitis were 3.8+/-0.6, 1261.6+/-144.3, 466.7+/-42.3, and 10.8+/-2.0 pg/ml, respectively. The mean CSF concentration of IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-a in the patients with mycoplasmal meningitis were 10.2+/-8.1, 1979.5+/-133.8, 459.7+/-96.4, and 17.5+/-5.1 pg/ml, respectively. There were significantly differences in the levels of IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-a between control and patients with aseptic meningitis or Mycoplasmal meningitis (each p<0.001). These results suggest that increased levels of IL-1B, IL-8, and TNF-a could be higly suggestive of meningitis.
Bacteria ; Cerebrospinal Fluid* ; Cytokines ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Interleukin-6* ; Interleukin-8* ; Interleukins ; Leukocytes ; Meningitis* ; Meningitis, Aseptic ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Mycoplasma ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical efficacy of two brain protective methods for aortic operation according to S100beta protein (S100beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

METHODSFrom November 2004 to April 2005, 14 patients who underwent aortic operations with circulatory arrest were alternatively allocated to one of two methods of brain protection: only deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (core temperature, 18 degrees C) for descending thoracic aorta operations (group DHCA, n = 5) or selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (core temperature, 20 degrees C; flow rate, 10 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) for aortic arch operations with DHCA (group ASCP, n = 9). Indications for surgical intervention were Stanford type A dissection in 11 patients, Stanford type B dissection in 2 patients, false aneurysm on thoracoabdominal aorta in 1 patient. S100beta and IL-6 in CSF were assayed in all patients from each group before cardiopulmonary bypass, as well as 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h after the operation.

RESULTSThere were no significant differences in lowest core temperature (P > 0.05), hematocrit in lowest core temperature (P > 0.05) and the velocity of rewarming. Mean circulatory arrest time in ASCP group was significant longer than in DHCA group (P < 0.05). There were much more patients with jugular arteries impaired or accompanied with related cerebrovascular diseases in group ASCP compared to group DHCA. The baseline of S100beta in CSF before cardiopulmonary bypass was no difference. S100beta value in CSF ascended to peak level in 12 h after the operation, showing significantly higher in group DHCA than in group ASCP [DHCA vs. ASCP, (0.90 +/- 0.11) microg/ml vs. (0.61 +/- 0.26) pg/ml]. In most hours after operation there was significant intergroup difference. IL-6 value in CSF ascended to peak level in 12 h postoperative for group DHCA and 0 h postoperative for group ASCP. There was no significance difference observed in IL-6 of CSF between two groups except 6 h and 12 h postoperative.

CONCLUSIONSBrain ischemic injury occurred during aortic operations assisted by brain protective methods is not serious. Unilateral ASCP which can delivery adequate oxygen to brain during circulation arrest has some advantage of alleviating ischemic injury compared with only DHCA.

Adult ; Aortic Aneurysm ; cerebrospinal fluid ; surgery ; Brain ; blood supply ; Circulatory Arrest, Deep Hypothermia Induced ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Growth Factors ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Perfusion ; Postoperative Period ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit ; S100 Proteins ; cerebrospinal fluid

As we face an increase of the adult population suffering from dementia, a typical senile disorder, it is imperative to develop appropriate tools for early detection and differential diagnosis of dementia. Recently, proteomics techniques have been proposed to be used for diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders by identifying numerous biological markers that are known to increase or decrease in the cerebrospinal fluid or serum of dementic patients. Protein chip analysis, one of the most important techniques of proteomics, is suggested to be useful for examining various modifications of proteins as the high throughput screening method using small volumes of precious samples in a short period. We describe here a list of biological markers, such as A beta, APP, tau, ubiquitin, S100B, soluble IL-6 receptor, beta 2 micoglobulin and prostaglandin E2, proposing that these molecules can be used as biochemical markers of dementia. Therefore, we suggest that the proteomic approaches to analyze the amount and modifications of these proteins might be powerful tools for early detection and differential diagnosis of various neurodegenerative disorders as well as assessment of disease progress.
Adult ; Biomarkers ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Dementia ; Diagnosis* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dinoprostone ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Neurodegenerative Diseases* ; Protein Array Analysis* ; Proteomics* ; Receptors, Interleukin-6 ; Ubiquitin