OBJECTIVETo establish the model of indoor air pollution forecast for decoration.

METHODSThe model was based on the balance model for diffusing mass.

RESULTSThe data between testing concentration and estimating concentration were compared. The maximal error was less than 30% and average error was 14.6%.

CONCLUSIONThe model can easily predict whether the pollution for decoration exceeds the standard and how long the room is decorated.

Air Pollution, Indoor ; Forecasting ; Interior Design and Furnishings ; Models, Theoretical ; Time Factors ; Ventilation

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to determine hippuric acid levels in urine samples, airborne toluene levels, acute and chronic neurological symptoms, and to describe any correlation between urinary hippuric acid and airborne toluene. METHODS: The hippuric acid concentration in the urine of 87 paint workers exposed to toluene at work (exposed group), and 87 nonexposed people (control group) was studied. Study participants were selected from similar factories in the same region. Urine samples were collected at the end of a shift and analyzed for hippuric acid by high performance liquid chromatography. Air samples for the estimation of toluene exposure were collected with diffusive personal samplers and the toluene quantified using gas-liquid chromatography. The two groups were also interviewed and observed about their work practices and health. RESULTS: The median of the 87 airborne toluene levels was 55 ppm (range, 12-198 ppm). The median urinary hippuric acid level was 800 mg/g creatinine (range, 90-2547 mg/g creatinine). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between airborne toluene exposure and urine hippuric acid levels (r = 0.548, p < 0.01). Workers with acute symptoms had significantly higher hippuric acid levels than those who did not (p < 0.05). It was concluded that there was a significant correlation between toluene exposure, hippuric acid levels, and health (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There appears to be a significant correlation between workers exposure to toluene at work, their urine hippuric acid levels, and resulting symptoms of poor health. Improvements in working conditions and occupational health education are required at these workplaces. There was good correlation between urinary hippuric acid and airborne toluene levels.
Chromatography, Gas ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Creatinine ; Education ; Humans ; Interior Design and Furnishings* ; Occupational Health ; Paint* ; Steel* ; Thailand* ; Toluene

We report three cases of rat mite dermatitis caused by Ornithonysus bacoti(Hirst, 1913), commonly referred to it as the tropicalrat mite. The first case, a 26-year old female had multiple pinhead sized vesicles with peripheral erythematous macule on the upper arms. The second case, a 34-year-old femal had multiple variable sized vesicles with erythematous base on the extremeties. The third case, a 43-year old male had multiple erythematous macules and papules with central punctum on the trunl: and extremities. Histopathologic sections from lesions of the first and second patient showed moderate perivascular lymphahistiocytic infiltration intermingled with some eosinophils. Causative mites, Ornithonyssus bacoti, female were collected around the skin lesion in rase 1, from the house dust in case 2 and furniture in case 3.
Adult ; Animals ; Arm ; Dermatitis* ; Dust ; Eosinophils ; Extremities ; Female ; Humans ; Interior Design and Furnishings ; Male ; Mites* ; Rats* ; Skin

Erythema ab igne is a relatively uncommon skin lesion caused by chronic exposure to low levels of infrared heat from open fires or stoves, and is characterized by reticulated hyperpigmentation on the exposed skin. Recently, exposure to various 'new' heat sources, such as heated furniture, car heaters, or even laptop computers, has been reported to cause this condition. We present a case of 31-year-old Korean woman with reticulated hyperpigmentation on her feet, which had occurred due to bathing her feet in hot water on a daily basis.
Adult ; Baths* ; Erythema* ; Female ; Fires ; Foot* ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Hyperpigmentation ; Interior Design and Furnishings ; Skin ; Water*

OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to estimate the magnitude of occupational asthma and to determine its characteristics. METHODS: We collected and analyzed 121 cases of occupational asthma reported by a surveillance system in Incheon for 5 years. The cases were classified according to industry and causing gent. We attached the data to worker's compensation records to establish the degree of agreement between the two sources. RESULTS: The industry of musical instrument manufacture was the most common (31 cases, 25.6%), followed by furniture manufacture, dye making, and machinery manufacture. TDI was the most common causing agents (52 cases, 43%), followed by reactive dye, wood dust, and organic dust. There was poor agreement with the worker's compensation records (2 cases, 8%). CONCLUSIONS: TDI and reactive dyes were the major materials causing occupational asthma. Most cases reported by the surveillance system were not applied to the worker's compensation system. Therefore, the surveillance system should be used to estimate the magnitude of occupational asthma and to determine its characteristics.
Asthma, Occupational* ; Coloring Agents ; Dust ; Incheon* ; Interior Design and Furnishings ; Music ; Wood ; Workers' Compensation

Humans ; Interior Design and Furnishings ; Manufacturing Industry ; Noise, Occupational ; Occupational Exposure ; Textile Industry

OBJECTIVEThis paper discusses the necessary factors keeping normal spine curve and body pressure uniform distribution in sitting posture based on analysis sitting posture of low back pain and long time sitting persons. The purpose is to correct the sitting posture and prevention low back pain by changing the curves of the chair and material.

METHODS16 patients with low back pain were equally divided into research group and control group. The patients in research group accepted the rehabilitation chair, and other patients in control group accepted the chair same to before. JOA score were used as effect measures in both groups.

RESULTSThe differences were statistically significant (P < 0.005) comparison of control group after 6 months.

CONCLUSIONSThe rehabilitation chair is in accord with the body biomechanics, and has significant meaning for preventing low back pain.

Adult ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; Interior Design and Furnishings ; Low Back Pain ; prevention & control ; rehabilitation ; Middle Aged ; Posture ; Rehabilitation ; instrumentation

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence and epidemiological characteristics of work-related asthma in Korea. METHODS: During 2004-2009, the Korea Work-Related Asthma Surveillance (KOWAS) program collected data on new cases of work-related asthma from occupational physicians, allergy and chest physicians, regional surveillance systems, and workers' compensation schemes. The incidence was calculated on the basis of industry, occupation, sex, age, and region. In addition, the distribution of causal agents was determined. RESULTS: During the study period, 236 cases of work-related asthma were reported, with 77 cases from more than 1 source. A total of 22.0% (n=52) were reported by occupational physicians, 52.5% (n=124) by allergy and chest physicians, 24.2% (n=57) by regional surveillance systems, and 43.2% (n=102) by workers' compensation schemes. The overall average annual incidence was 3.31 cases/million workers, with a rate of 3.78/million among men and 2.58/million among women. The highest incidence was observed in the 50-59-year age group (7.74/million), in the Gyeonggi/Incheon suburb of Seoul (8.50/million), in the furniture and other instrument manufacturing industries (67.62/million), and among craft and related trades workers (17.75/million). The most common causal agents were isocyanates (46.6%), flour/grain (8.5%), metal (5.9%), reactive dyes (5.1%), and solvents (4.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of work-related asthma in Korea was relatively low, and varied according to industry, occupation, gender, age, and region. Data provided by workers' compensation schemes and physician reports have been useful for determining the incidence and causes of work-related asthma.
Asthma* ; Coloring Agents ; Female ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Incidence ; Interior Design and Furnishings ; Isocyanates ; Korea ; Male ; Occupations ; Seoul ; Solvents ; Thorax ; Workers' Compensation

BACKGROUNDSeated workplaces have greatly increased in China. Many researchers have found that seated work is a risk factor in the development of low-back pain. Backrest can reduce the load on the lower back by transmitting more of the weight from the upper body to the floor via the backrest so as to prevent low-back pain. To design a suitable chair backrest for seated office work, some backrest parameters must be optimized. In this study, the role of backrest density on lumbar load and comfort were investigated. The goal of the study was to help establish criteria with which backrests that alleviate and prevent low back pain during seated office work can be designed and selected.

METHODSTwenty volunteers (10 men and 10 women) were seated in three backrest conditions (10 kg/m(3), 25 kg/m(3), and 40 kg/m(3)). Pressure data, including contact pressure (CP), peak contact pressure (PCP) and contact area were collected during 15-minute trial. Subjective data were collected after each pressure test.

RESULTSBackrest density had a significant effect on backrest pressure variables. CP and PCP increased with increasing backrest density. Contact area decreased with increased density. In terms of user preference, the backrest with low density was most highly rated.

CONCLUSIONSBackrest density plays an important role in lumbar load and comfort during seated work. During designing and selecting backrests, backrest density should be focused on so as to alleviate and prevent low-back pain during seated office work. Backrest density at 10 kg/m(3) got the lowest CP and PCP and largest contact area. Backrest with low density can reduce lumbar pressure and increase support contact area, which could raise comfort feeling. Backrest density at 10 kg/m(3) is better to maintain a balance between providing effective support and alleviating excess lordosis.

Back Injuries ; prevention & control ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Female ; Humans ; Interior Design and Furnishings ; Low Back Pain ; prevention & control ; Male ; Regression Analysis

PURPOSE: Environmental factors may increase risk for childhood asthma. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and home environment with the development of wheeze and asthma. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 969 elementary school students. Data included questions about asthma and wheeze symptoms, exposure to tobacco smoke, and home environment including history of moving into a new house within 1 year of age after birth, use of fragrance at home, recent purchase of new furniture. Logistic regression and Pearson chi statistics were used to estimate these associations. RESULTS: ETS exposure was associated with current wheeze and nocturnal sleep disturbance. Paternal smoking over 20 cigarettes per day was associated with 4 or more episodes of wheeze during the past 1 year. However, there were no significant differences in pulmonary function, serum total IgE levels, blood eosinophil counts, and atopy between children with ETS exposure and non-exposure. Moving into a new house within 1 year of birth was associated with current asthma or wheeze. Use of fragrance at home and purchase of new furniture during the past 1 year were associated with current wheeze, current physician-diagnosed asthma, and nocturnal cough. CONCLUSION: Exposure to ETS, moving into a new house after birth, and indoor fragrance are risk factors for wheeze and asthma in schoolchildren.
Asthma ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Eosinophils ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Interior Design and Furnishings ; Logistic Models ; Parturition ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Products