PURPOSE: The study was done to verify the effect size of the variables related to the emotional labor of nurses. METHODS: A total of 47 article on variables related to the emotional labor of nurses and published from 2006 to 2014 were used for the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Variables with the largest effect size related to emotional labor were identified as the variables of work task, organization and individual characteristics in descending order of effect size. The sub-factors with the greatest effect size in the work task variable were exhaustion and work commitment, while for organization variables, intention to change jobs had the largest effect size. For individual characteristics, physical symptoms had the largest effect size. CONCLUSION: The results of this study are meaningful as the first study to integrate research results on variables related to the emotional labor of Korean nurses, providing practical data for the management of emotional labor.
Intention

BACKGROUND: Statistical analysis is essential in regard to obtaining objective reliability for medical research. However, medical researchers do not have enough statistical knowledge to properly analyze their study data. To help understand and potentially alleviate this problem, we have analyzed the statistical methods and errors of articles published in the Korean Journal of Pain (KJP), with the intention to improve the statistical quality of the journal. METHODS: All the articles, except case reports and editorials, published from 2004 to 2008 in the KJP were reviewed. The types of applied statistical methods and errors in the articles were evaluated. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-nine original articles were reviewed. Inferential statistics and descriptive statistics were used in 119 papers and 20 papers, respectively. Only 20.9% of the papers were free from statistical errors. The most commonly adopted statistical method was the t-test (21.0%) followed by the chi-square test (15.9%). Errors of omission were encountered 101 times in 70 papers. Among the errors of omission, "no statistics used even though statistical methods were required" was the most common (40.6%). The errors of commission were encountered 165 times in 86 papers, among which "parametric inference for nonparametric data" was the most common (33.9%). CONCLUSION: We found various types of statistical errors in the articles published in the KJP. This suggests that meticulous attention should be given not only in the applying statistical procedures but also in the reviewing process to improve the value of the article.
Intention

PURPOSE: This review aimed to integrate the results of studies related to job embeddedness of clinical nurses and suggest directions for future research. METHODS: A search for relevant studies was conducted using six databases according to the predetermined index terms “nurse” and “job embeddedness.” A total of 28 studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected and analyzed. RESULTS: The definition of job embeddedness was consistent in the articles, but the terms, scope, and use of tools to determine job embeddedness were not. In addition, no article suggested a theoretical framework. In all the studies except one, the tool used to measure job embeddedness was one revised from Mitchell et al. (2001). In 15 articles, a negative correlation was found between job turnover and turnover intention. Job embeddedness was also found to be associated with nurses' work environment, organizational citizenship behavior, and organizational commitment, and it had a positive impact on these variables. CONCLUSION: Job embeddedness can be used as a major variable to explain nurses's turnover intention. Job embeddedness is multidimensional, and a theoretical framework is needed to explain the job embeddedness of clinical nurses. Tools specific to Korea should be developed to measure the job embeddedness of Korean clinical nurses.
Intention ; Korea

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the process of overcoming the intention toward turnover experienced by career nurses. METHODS: Data were collected from 10 career nurses though in-depth interviews about their experiences. The main question was "How do you describe your experience of the process of overcoming intention to turnover as a career nurse?" Qualitative data from field and transcribed notes were analyzed using Strauss & Corbin's grounded theory methodology. RESULTS: From the participants' statement, 127 concepts, 34 subcategories and 13 categories were extracted through the open coding process. The core category was discovered to be 'back to the original place'. Phenomenon was identified as 'reached the threshold that cannot be withstood' and this series of process was categorized as having four stages: 'conflict', 'meditation', 'discovery' and 'conquest'. There were three types of overcoming turnover intention in career nurses, 'adjustment', 'compromise', 'self-led'. CONCLUSION: The results of this study produced useful information about the needs of career nurses during the process of overcoming turnover intention based on their stage and overcoming types of turnover intension. Ultimately this study may help decrease the turnover intention of career nurses.
Clinical Coding ; Intention

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the training effectiveness and behavior towards the elderly of 180 caregiver trainees. METHODS: Data were collected from five caregiver training institutions located in G city. All subjects were surveyed about the training effectiveness and behavior towards the elderly by using the Training Effectiveness Scale and the Behavior towards the Elderly Scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. RESULTS: The study subjects gained a training effectiveness score of 3.84 out of 5 points and a behavior towards the elderly score 3.40 out of 4 points. The training effectiveness differed significantly depending on subject's characteristics, intention to work as a caregiver, and hours of training. There were significant differences in behavior towards the elderly depending on their age and hours of training. The training effectiveness was significantly correlated with the level of behavior towards the elderly. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrated the necessity of developing a level of educational training that will help improve caregiver trainees' care by positively changing their behavior towards the elderly.
Aged ; Caregivers ; Humans ; Intention

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to explore nurse' bullying experiences according to demographic characteristics and to identify effects of workplace bullying and job stress on turnover intention in hospital nurses. METHODS: One hundred sixty-one graduate students working as nurses were recruited. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Stepwise multiple regression with PASW 18.0. RESULTS: Results show that 23.0% of the nurses interviewed had experienced bullying in the workplace within the last six months and 19.4% had been bullied during the entire employment period. Bullying perpetrators included nurses (52.9%), physicians (23.0%), and patients (17.8%). Bully nurses consisted of senior nurses (63.0%), managers or supervisors (29.6%), colleagues (3.7%), and junior nurses (3.7%). Job turnover intention in hospital nurses was significantly correlated with workplace bullying (r=.20, p=.012) and job stress (r=.37, p<.001). The most significant predictors influencing the turnover intention of hospital nurses were job stress, age, and bullying in total career and these factors accounted for 21.0% of the variance. CONCLUSION: Job stress and bullying significantly influence turnover intention. Therefore, educational programs should be developed and implemented to prevent workplace bullying.
Bullying ; Employment ; Humans ; Intention

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of brand image of baby food on brand relationship quality and reuse intentions. METHODS: A total of 211 questionnaires completed by customers who bought Brand B baby food were obtained from empirical research. SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 23.0 were employed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Customers perceived Brand B baby food as “Convenient”, “Professional”, “Reliable”, “Famous”, and “Healthy”. Overall, the results indicate that perceived image for Brand B baby food had a significantly positive effect on brand relationship quality in terms of self-concept connection, commitment, and partner quality and intimacy. In addition, commitment and partner quality and intimacy had significantly positive effects on reuse intentions for Brand B baby food. CONCLUSION: The results of this study reveal the importance of brand image in baby food to improve brand relationship quality in terms of commitment and partner quality and intimacy as well as reuse intentions. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize positive brand image as a key factor in forming relationships between consumers and brands as well as search for ways to apply marketing strategies based on brand image.
Empirical Research ; Intention* ; Marketing

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationships between customer's attitude, the subjective norm and the intention to use hospital-based health promotion services. METHODS: This study was based on the theory of reasoned action, suggested by Fishbein and Ajzen. The subjects of this study were 501 residents of Seoul, Bun-dang, Il-san and Pyung-chon city, under 65 years, who were stratified by sex and age. A covariance structural analysis was used to identify the structural relationships between attitude towards health promotion programs or services, their subjective norm and their intention to use the aforementioned services. RESULTS: The subjective norm for using the health promotion programs or services provided by hospitals was a significant predictor of the intention to use, but the attitude towards the services was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a customer's reference group affects their use of the hospital-based health promotion services. Because the subjects of this study were restricted to specific urban areas, there are limitations to generalizing the study results. Despite the limitations of these results, they can serve as baseline information for the understanding of consumer's behavior toward hospital-based health promotion services.
Health Promotion* ; Intention* ; Seoul

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among emotional labor, empowerment, job burnout, and turnover intention. METHODS: The design of this study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The subjects of this study were 358 nurses working for over 6 months in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. The data were collected from 4th to 30th of September, 2009 through one-to-one interviews. Survey data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regression. RESULTS: We find the positive correlation of turnover intention with emotional labor and with job burnout, but the negative correlation of empowerment with job burnout and with turnover intention. The nurses' turnover intention scores were relatively low with 1.30. Job burnout, shift work, and frequency of turnover were predictors of turnover intention. The most powerful predictor variable was job burnout (beta=.420, p<.001). We find that emotional labor and empowerment as determinants of turnover intention are not significant. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that manager should consider shift work of nurses and job burnout in order to manage nurse organization and resource effectively.
Intention ; Power (Psychology)

OBJECTIVES: This study is to investigate the hypothesis that schizophrenic patients have difficulty in inferring mental state of others. METHODS: Twenty schizophrenic patients and twenty normal subjects were administered to the Cartoon Task required inferring the character's intention in a given context. RESULTS: The schizophrenic patients showed a statistically significant impairment in the Cartoon Task. Both groups chose the card depicting a frequent everyday action significantly more rather than the similar card to the last picture in each story for wrong answers. CONCLUSION: These preliminary results suggest that schizophrenia is associated with a specific deficit of the cognitive ability referred to as social cognition, and this deficit can be detected not only in the acute phase as found in previous research studies, but also in remission. Also when subjects fail to appreciate what is going on in the minds of other people, they seem to rely on a socially familiar experience.
Cognition* ; Humans ; Intention ; Schizophrenia*