In terms of performance of piezoelectric micro pump, this paper explores the piezoelectric ceramic plate in different wave driven micro pump flow rate. The conclusion is that the square wave voltage gets the biggest micro pump velocity. The velocity and pressure of the micro pump is almost linear relationship, and having nothing to do with the different inner diameter pipes. The piezoelectric micro pump's stability is not good and exists attenuation.
Ceramics ; Insulin ; administration & dosage ; Insulin Infusion Systems

Glucose concentration in tears was measured and comparison was made with the blood glucose level in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. In normal cases the average glucose value in tears was found to be 18.6mg/100ml, whereas in diabetic patients the mean glucose value in tears was 32.8mg/100ml. These values corresponded approximately 17% of the blood glucose concentration. The changes of tear and blood glucose following the oral administration of glucose were also evaluated in normal and diabetic subjects. In normal cases elevation of tear glucose was noted, reaching its maximum value after 1 hour and returned to the normal level after 2 hours. Tear glucose in diabetics was found to be markedly elevated, lasting longer than in normal cases. In normal subjects, tear glucose concentration fell on injection of insulin and returned to the normal level after 2 hours. In these induced hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic states, glucose concentration in tears revealed parallel with the blood glucose. Clinistix test with tears at different levels of glucose concentrations showed a positive reaction when tear glucose concentration was over 30.5mg/100ml. In these positive cases the blood glucose level was more than 150mg/100ml. It can be suggested that the Clinistix test can be used as a screening method of suspected diabetic patients.
Administration, Oral ; Blood Glucose ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Insulin ; Mass Screening ; Tears*

Glucose concentration in tears was measured and comparison was made with the blood glucose level in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. In normal cases the average glucose value in tears was found to be 18.6mg/100ml, whereas in diabetic patients the mean glucose value in tears was 32.8mg/100ml. These values corresponded approximately 17% of the blood glucose concentration. The changes of tear and blood glucose following the oral administration of glucose were also evaluated in normal and diabetic subjects. In normal cases elevation of tear glucose was noted, reaching its maximum value after 1 hour and returned to the normal level after 2 hours. Tear glucose in diabetics was found to be markedly elevated, lasting longer than in normal cases. In normal subjects, tear glucose concentration fell on injection of insulin and returned to the normal level after 2 hours. In these induced hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic states, glucose concentration in tears revealed parallel with the blood glucose. Clinistix test with tears at different levels of glucose concentrations showed a positive reaction when tear glucose concentration was over 30.5mg/100ml. In these positive cases the blood glucose level was more than 150mg/100ml. It can be suggested that the Clinistix test can be used as a screening method of suspected diabetic patients.
Administration, Oral ; Blood Glucose ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Insulin ; Mass Screening ; Tears*

Biphasic Insulins ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; drug therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; administration & dosage ; Insulin ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; Insulin Aspart ; Insulin, Isophane ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome

AIMTo determine insulin and its related substances in insulin powder for inhalation by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography method.

METHODSThe initial mobile phase was solution A (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitril 70:30) and changed to solution B (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitril 60:40) in 30 minutes. The flow rate was 2.0 mL.min-1, the column temperature was 30 degrees C, the wave length was 280 nm, the injected volume was 20 microL.

RESULTSInsulin was well separated from other peaks induced in different conditions. There was good linear relationship between the amount of insulin and its peak area, the RSD was 1.1%, the insulin solution for determination was stable in 12 hours, and the quantity detected was near the added.

CONCLUSIONThe method is simple and accurate to detect insulin and its related substances in insulin and its preparations.

Administration, Inhalation ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Insulin ; administration & dosage ; analysis ; Powders ; analysis

Pharmaceutical researchers at home and abroad have been working in pursuit of an effective, easy-to-use and safe way of non-injecting insulin administration. Oral insulin was considered to be one of the ideal administration ways for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In this review, we introduce the clinical value and progress of oral insulin delivery in recent years. The mechanisms, therapeutic effect, limitations of oral insulin delivery, and the future perspectives in this research field are also discussed.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus ; drug therapy ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Humans ; Insulin ; administration & dosage

Polymeric drug delivery system for insulin controlled-release is one of the most active fields of research and development in the world. Up to date, several kinds of intelligent drug carriers for glucose-responsive insulin delivery have been reported. On the basis of a large quantity of references on this topic, a review has been made on the developments of the intelligent polymeric systems for glucose-responsive insulin delivery.
Delayed-Action Preparations ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; instrumentation ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; administration & dosage ; Insulin ; administration & dosage

PURPOSE: Rice bran is a byproduct of the hulling of rice and contains a variety of bioactive components. Various studies have reported on the antioxidative, anticancer, immune-enhancing, and hypocholesterolemic effects of rice bran. However, few studies about the physiological activity of stabilized rice bran supplement on dietary intake of sugars is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stabilized rice bran supplement on blood glucose in C57BL/6 mice fed a high sucrose diet. METHODS: Animals were randomly divided into three groups respectively, and were fed a normal diet (ND group), a high sucrose diet (HSD group) or a high sucrose diet containing 20% stabilized rice bran (HSD-SRB group) for 12 weeks. RESULTS: In the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), after seven weeks of feeding on the experimental diets, a significantly lower result was observed for HSD-SRB than for HSD at 30 and 60 minutes after oral administration in glucose solution (2 g/kg body weight). The incremental area under the curve (IAUC) of HSD-SRB was significantly lower than that of HSD. After 12 weeks, fasting blood glucose level of HSD-SRB was significantly lower than that of HSD. No significant difference in the serum insulin level was observed between HSD and HSD-SRB. However, HOMA-IR was significantly decreased in HSD-SRB compared to HSD. In addition, HOMA beta-cell was significantly increased in HSD-SRB com-pared to HSD. Triglyceride in liver of HSD-SRB was significantly lower than that of HSD. CONCLUSIONS: Feeding diets con-taining 20% rice bran improved insulin resistance and insulin secretion by decreasing triglyceride in liver. Thus, rice bran has a positive effect on glycemic control. In addition, the results are expected to be utilized as a basis for human study and development of food products with added rice bran.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Blood Glucose ; Carbohydrates ; Diet* ; Fasting ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Liver ; Mice* ; Sucrose* ; Triglycerides

OBJECTIVETo discuss the influence of intensive insulin therapy on insulin resistance of patients with severe burn or trauma.

METHODSSixty patients with severe burn or trauma hospitalized in the Third People's Hospital of Chongqing or Southwest Hospital of the Third Military Medical University from January 2010 to December 2011 were randomly divided into intensive insulin therapy group (IT, treated with intensive insulin therapy to control the blood glucose to the level of 6.0-8.0 mmol/L) and control group (C, treated with routine therapy) according to the paired grouping method, with 30 patients in each group. Before treatment and on post treatment day (PTD) 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, the levels of fasting blood glucose and fasting plasma insulin were determined. Insulin resistance index and β-cell function index were calculated using homeostasis model assessment. Data were processed with t test, analysis of variance, and LSD test.

RESULTSOn PTD 1, 3, 7, 10, levels of fasting blood glucose in group IT [(6.8 ± 1.4), (6.7 ± 1.3), (5.8 ± 1.9), (5.4 ± 1.6) mmol/L] were significantly lower than those of group C [(14.8 ± 4.9), (12.7 ± 3.7), (7.7 ± 1.9), (6.6 ± 1.3) mmol/L, with t values respectively 12.453, 11.386, 5.563, 4.731, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01]. On PTD 3, 7, levels of fasting insulin in group IT [(14 ± 5), (10 ± 3) mU/L] were significantly lower than those of group C [(16 ± 4), (13 ± 4) mU/L, with t values respectively 4.212, 4.364, P values below 0.05]. Levels of fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin in the two groups at each time point were statistically significantly different from those before treatment (with P values below 0.01), except for the level of fasting blood glucose on PTD 3. On PTD 1, 3, 7, 10, levels of insulin resistance index in group IT (1.60 ± 0.80, 1.46 ± 0.70, 0.96 ± 0.21, 0.90 ± 0.23) were significantly lower than those in group C (2.15 ± 1.35, 2.21 ± 1.21, 1.50 ± 0.95, 1.17 ± 0.66, with t values respectively 8.316, 10.607, 7.825, 5.217, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Levels of insulin resistance index of patients in the two groups at each time point after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment (with P values below 0.01). On PTD 1, 3, 7, levels of β-cell function index in group IT (4.6 ± 2.9, 4.5 ± 3.3, 4.5 ± 3.6) were significantly higher than those in group C (3.4 ± 2.5, 3.6 ± 2.2, 4.2 ± 2.5, with t values respectively 8.243, 7.914, 4.338, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Levels of β-cell function index in group C on PTD 1 and 3 were significantly lower than that before therapy (with P values below 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSIntensive insulin therapy can alleviate insulin resistance of patients with severe burn or trauma.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Burns ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of resistant starch (RS) on insulin resistance (IR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

METHODSAll 40 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly divided into two groups: Group A and Group B. Cross-design of two stages (I, II) was used during observation. Group A received RS 30 g/d as an intervention group for ahead of 4 weeks ( I stage) , while group B as a control group. Group B was given RS in late 4 weeks (II stage), while Group A as served control group. Blood was taken the first day and on the latest day in each stage. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), post blood glucose (PBG), fructosamine (FMN), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceridemic (TG), insulin sensitive index (ISI), and body mass index (BMI) were measured, respectively.

RESULTSAs Compared with the control group, ISI was higher and FBG, PBG, TC, TG, FMN and BMI were significantly lower in intervention group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONRS should be effective in improving IR of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Adult ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; diet therapy ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin ; metabolism ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Starch ; administration & dosage