BACKGROUND: According to previous investigation on antibiotic use at Dankook University Hospital, cephalosporin and aminoglycoside were the most commonly used antibiotics accounting for 52.8% and 30.4% of total antibiotics used, respectively. In almost all cases, antibiotics were prescribed for prophylaxis rather than for treatment the ratio for prophylaxis vs. treatment intent was 3.9:1 and 3.6: 1 for cephalosporin and aminoglycoside, respectively. Thus, we performed a study to investigate the current usage of cephalosporin and aminoglycoside before and after the surgical procedures. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the appropriateness of prophylactic use of antibiotics on 14 major operative procedures (26.4% of total operations) for patients discharged during July, 1997. RESULTS: Among 8 kinds of operative procedure performed on 105 cases, in which prophylactic antibiotic use was recommended, appropriate antibiotic use was observed in only 2 cases of non- perforating appendectomy. For 7 operative procedures, in which use of 1st generation cephalosporin is recommended, 1st cephalosporins were used only on 37.8% (44/92) of cases, whereas 2nd cephalosporins were used for most of other cases. An average of 2.5 DDD of 2nd cephalosporin, which was a pertinent dose, was used on non-perforating appendectomy. However, on all the other 7 operative procedures, the dose exceeded the recommended dose. Inappropriate antibiotic use was observed for 6 operative procedures, for which prophylactic antibiotic use was not recommended. The combination of cephalosporin and aminoglycoside was used in all but 3 types of operative procedures. CONCLUSION: During most of the pre- and post-operative period, antibiotics were combined, overused, misused, and inappropriately used.
Aminoglycosides* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Appendectomy ; Cephalosporins* ; Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgical Procedures, Operative

BACKGROUND: According to previous investigation on antibiotic use at Dankook University Hospital, cephalosporin and aminoglycoside were the most commonly used antibiotics accounting for 52.8% and 30.4% of total antibiotics used, respectively. In almost all cases, antibiotics were prescribed for prophylaxis rather than for treatment the ratio for prophylaxis vs. treatment intent was 3.9:1 and 3.6: 1 for cephalosporin and aminoglycoside, respectively. Thus, we performed a study to investigate the current usage of cephalosporin and aminoglycoside before and after the surgical procedures. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the appropriateness of prophylactic use of antibiotics on 14 major operative procedures (26.4% of total operations) for patients discharged during July, 1997. RESULTS: Among 8 kinds of operative procedure performed on 105 cases, in which prophylactic antibiotic use was recommended, appropriate antibiotic use was observed in only 2 cases of non- perforating appendectomy. For 7 operative procedures, in which use of 1st generation cephalosporin is recommended, 1st cephalosporins were used only on 37.8% (44/92) of cases, whereas 2nd cephalosporins were used for most of other cases. An average of 2.5 DDD of 2nd cephalosporin, which was a pertinent dose, was used on non-perforating appendectomy. However, on all the other 7 operative procedures, the dose exceeded the recommended dose. Inappropriate antibiotic use was observed for 6 operative procedures, for which prophylactic antibiotic use was not recommended. The combination of cephalosporin and aminoglycoside was used in all but 3 types of operative procedures. CONCLUSION: During most of the pre- and post-operative period, antibiotics were combined, overused, misused, and inappropriately used.
Aminoglycosides* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Appendectomy ; Cephalosporins* ; Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgical Procedures, Operative

METHODS: We investigated and compared the epidemiologic characteristics of the E. cloacae isolation in the period of outbreak (April-June, 1998) with those in the control period (January-March, 1998). To identify the risk factors for E. cloacae sepsis, we retrospectively conducted a chart review for the patients who had E. cloacae sepsis during the period of outbreak. On the basis of these results, environmental culture was performed hospital wide. RESULTS: Ten clinical isolates E. cloacae were recovered from the blood of ten patients from April to June. 1998. Seven out of 10 patients recieved ERCP procedure just before E. cloacae sepsis. Hence, we performed surveillance study in the endoscopy room before and after the procedure. The survey showed that distilled water which was used for washing the endoscopy was contaminated with E. cloacae, which was suspected to be the common source of this outbreak. Therefore, we changed distilled water into sterilized distilled water on washing the endoscopy. After this correction was performed, the incidence of ERCP-associated E. cloacae sepsis declined markedly (P<0.011). CONCLUSION: We investigated an outbreak of ERCP-related E. cloacae sepsis and the outbreak was successfully controlled by removing the source of infection.
Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde* ; Cloaca ; Endoscopy ; Enterobacter cloacae* ; Enterobacter* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Methods ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sepsis* ; Water

PURPOSE: Increasing visit of children to emergency departments (EDs) necessitates the effort to expand pediatric emergency medicine resources. We conducted this study to understand the epidemiologic characteristics of children who visited a community hospital ED. METHODS: The medical records of 32,031 children aged younger than 18 years were reviewed retrospectively from January 2013 to December 2015. We analyzed the age distribution, season, day, and time of visit, cause of visit, test performed, initial diagnosis, injury mechanisms, and disposition. RESULTS: Mean age of the children was 6.2±5.1 years and boys accounted for 59.1%. Children who had disease (65.5%) and aged 1 to 4 years (41.9%) accounted for the largest population. There was no difference of age distribution through seasons (P = 0.07). The proportions of children with disease and injury were the highest during winter (72.5%) and autumn (38.2%), respectively (P < 0.001). Children tended to visit the ED more frequently during non-business hours. In particular, children who aged 1 to 4 years, had disease or were slight ill visited the ED more frequently during this period (P < 0.001). Plain abdomen radiographs and urinalyses were performed to 29.8% and 16.1% of the children, respectively. Functional gastrointestinal disorder (20.3%) and laceration (30.1%) were the most common initial diagnoses among the children with disease and injury, respectively. The most common injury mechanism was struck injury (29.7%). After the treatment, 94.4% of the children were sent home from the ED. Of the remaining children, 5.5% were admitted, 0.1% were transferred to other hospitals, and 0.04% expired. CONCLUSION: Children who aged 1 to 4 years, had disease or were slight ill visited the ED more frequently during non-business hours than business hours. Pediatric emergency medicine resources should be expanded in consideration of this.
Abdomen ; Age Distribution ; Child* ; Commerce ; Diagnosis ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Medicine ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Epidemiology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; Hospitals, Community ; Humans ; Lacerations ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies ; Seasons ; Urinalysis ; Urinary Tract Infections

Hemintaxia-hypesthesia in thalamic stroke has been rarely reported. We experienced six patients who has hemiataxia-hypesthesia with or without transientweakness due to thalamic stroke. Upon reviewing the pattern of sensory deficits and the presence of weakness m our cases and those in previously reported thalamic stroke patients with hemiataxiahypesthesia with or without transient weakness, hemiataxia-hypesthesia has a localizing value of the thalamic lesion, particularly in case of presenting with pain sensory loss and of no weakness.
Humans ; Stroke*

Tuberculosis (TB) patients are normally treated with a combination of antibiotics. However, with improper or incomplete treatment of antibiotics, the disease may progress to multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). The treatment of MDR-TB is very costly and inefficient. Therefore, there is a great demand of new therapeutic approaches for MDR-TB such as photodynamic therapy. In this study, we tried to optimize the conditions for photodynamic inactivation of TB using methylene blue as a photosensitizer. Different combinations of methylene blue concentrations and light doses were tested for their photodynamic effects to A549 cells or Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis). We also tested the effect of photodynamic therapy on ciprofloxacin-resistant M. smegmatis. Methylene blue treatment alone did not affect the survival rates of A549 cells or bacteria up to 5 µg/ml. When the A549 and M. smegmatis cells treated with methylene blue were irradiated with laser light (wavelength, 630 nm), photodynamic inactivation of cells was increased in methylene blue concentration- and light dose-dependent manners. Interestingly, the ciprofloxacin-resistant M. smegmatis exhibited higher level of susceptibility to methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation. This study suggests that photodynamic therapy at 3.6 J/cm2 in the presence of 5 µg/ml methylene blue may be an appropriate range for therapy due to the high bactericidal activity against high level of ciprofloxacin-resistant M. smegmatis and the low damaging effect to mammalian cells. This study demonstrates that photodynamic therapy could be a potential alternative for MDR-TB treatment.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Ciprofloxacin ; Humans ; Methylene Blue ; Mycobacterium smegmatis* ; Mycobacterium* ; Photochemotherapy* ; Survival Rate ; Tuberculosis

The main mechanism of evolution is that biological entities change, are selected, and reproduce. We propose a different concept in terms of the main agent or atom of evolution: in the biological world, not an individual object,but its interactive network is the fundamental unit of evolution. The interaction network is composed of interaction pairs of information objects that have order information. This indicates a paradigm shift from 3D biological objects to an abstract network of information entities as the primary agent of evolution. It forces us to change our views about how organisms evolve and therefore the methods we use to analyze evolution.

Digital therapeutics based on software, such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, games, and smartphone applications, are in the spotlight as new therapeutic alternatives in child and adolescent psychiatry. It draws attention to overcoming conventional therapeutics’ limitations, such as toxicity, cost, and accessibility, and encourages patients to participate in the treatment attractively. The growth potential of the digital therapeutics market for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in Korea and abroad has been highlighted. Clinical studies and Food and Drug Administration approvals for digital therapeutics have increased, and cases approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety have emerged in Korea. As seen above, digital transformation in child and adolescent psychiatry will change treatment paradigms significantly. Therefore, as this new field has just begun to emerge, it is necessary to verify the effectiveness and scope of the application of digital therapeutics and consider preparing a compensation system and institutional arrangements. Accordingly, this study analyzed the development trends and application status of digital therapeutics in children and adolescents and presented limitations and development directions from the perspective of application in healthcare. Further, the study is expected to identify the utility and limitations of digital therapeutics for children and adolescents and establish effective application measures.

This study provides a statistical analysis of 1,226 cases of death occurring in Area 8, Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency (Gangseo, Yangcheon, and Guro Police Stations) from January 1 to December 31, 2017. There were 427 postmortem inspection cases in Gangseo, 393 in Yangcheon, 377 in Guro, and 29 in other areas. The number of autopsy cases was 69 in Gangseo, 70 in Yangcheon, 86 in Guro, and seven in other areas. According to the postmortem inspection reports, there were 593 cases of natural death and 336 cases of unnatural death, while in 297 cases the cause of death was unknown. Of the 297 unknown cases, autopsy rates from each police station were as follows: 54 of 99 cases (54.5%) in Gangseo, 60 of 101 cases (59.4%) in Yangcheon, 67 of 93 cases (72.0%) in Guro, and in all four cases (100%) from other areas. Unnatural deaths included 215 cases of suicide, nine cases of homicide, and 64 accidental death, while 48 cases were undetermined. Among the unnatural deaths, the cause of death included 138 cases of hanging, 72 cases of falls from a height, and 32 cases of poisoning. Since this statistical study is based on actual postmortem inspection data for 1,226 cases of death in the eight areas of Seoul (excluding deaths from traffic accidents), it raises issues relating to the current postmortem inspection system, and can be used as reference material for a comprehensive overview of causes of death.
Accidental Falls ; Autopsy ; Cause of Death ; Homicide ; Humans ; Poisoning ; Police ; Seoul ; Statistics as Topic ; Suicide

This study provides a statistical analysis of 1,226 cases of death occurring in Area 8, Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency (Gangseo, Yangcheon, and Guro Police Stations) from January 1 to December 31, 2017. There were 427 postmortem inspection cases in Gangseo, 393 in Yangcheon, 377 in Guro, and 29 in other areas. The number of autopsy cases was 69 in Gangseo, 70 in Yangcheon, 86 in Guro, and seven in other areas. According to the postmortem inspection reports, there were 593 cases of natural death and 336 cases of unnatural death, while in 297 cases the cause of death was unknown. Of the 297 unknown cases, autopsy rates from each police station were as follows: 54 of 99 cases (54.5%) in Gangseo, 60 of 101 cases (59.4%) in Yangcheon, 67 of 93 cases (72.0%) in Guro, and in all four cases (100%) from other areas. Unnatural deaths included 215 cases of suicide, nine cases of homicide, and 64 accidental death, while 48 cases were undetermined. Among the unnatural deaths, the cause of death included 138 cases of hanging, 72 cases of falls from a height, and 32 cases of poisoning. Since this statistical study is based on actual postmortem inspection data for 1,226 cases of death in the eight areas of Seoul (excluding deaths from traffic accidents), it raises issues relating to the current postmortem inspection system, and can be used as reference material for a comprehensive overview of causes of death.