Cause of Death ; Female ; Hospital Mortality ; Hospitalization ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Inpatients ; statistics & numerical data ; Male

Accidents ; statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Inpatients ; statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Wounds and Injuries ; epidemiology

With dwindling number of new antibiotics and inappropriate use of antibiotics, the emergence and spread of antibiotics resistance occurs commonly in healthcare institutions worldwide. In China, antibiotics are commonly over prescribed and misused. This study is to assess the effect of the nationwide special campaign on antibiotic stewardship program (ASP) at specialized hospitals in China by investigating prescription information from 2011 to 2012. Data on the hospital consumption and prescription of systemic antibiotics were obtained from four specialized hospitals, including maternity, children's, stomatological and cancer hospitals. Systematic random sampling was used to select outpatient prescriptions and inpatient cases. A total of 105 specialized hospitals in 2011 and 121 specialized hospitals in 2012 were analysed. The defined daily doses (DDDs) per 100 inpatient days, the percentage of antibiotic use in outpatient prescriptions, and the percentage of antibiotic use in inpatient cases were used as measurements of antibiotic use. The overall antibiotic use density in the selected hospitals decreased between 2011 and 2012 from 39.37 to 26.54 DDD/100 inpatient days (P<0.001). The percentage of antibiotic use in outpatient prescriptions (range: 24.12%-18.71%, P=0.109) and inpatient cases (64.85%-60.10%, P=0.006) also decreased within the two years. Significant changes were observed among regions and different hospitals within the two years. And antibiotic consumption was correlated with the type and size of specialized hospital in 2012, but not with the regions. This analysis of antibiotic consumption of specialized hospitals allows relevant comparisons for benchmarking and shows that national ASP has improved antibiotic rational use in China. The data will assist policymakers in formulating effective strategies to decrease antibiotic overuse and identify areas that require further work.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; China ; Drug Prescriptions ; statistics & numerical data ; Drug Utilization ; statistics & numerical data ; trends ; Drug Utilization Review ; methods ; statistics & numerical data ; Geography ; Hospitals ; classification ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Inpatients ; statistics & numerical data ; Outpatients ; statistics & numerical data

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the experiences of student nurses during their clinical practice periods in an alcoholic ward. METHODS: A descriptive phenomenological study design was employed. Individual interviews were conducted and audio-taped. Colaizzi's method of data analysis was applied to inductively determine themes and formulated meanings. Data saturation was achieved and methodological rigor was established. RESULTS: Four themes were identified and these themes included anxiety of nursing practice in unfamiliar setting, sympathy with patients, learning about the inpatient alcoholics care, and self-reflection. CONCLUSION: Nursing students had positive and negative experiences in their clinical practice. The results of this study had important implications regarding clinical practice and research for nursing clinical education.
Alcoholics ; Alcoholism* ; Anxiety ; Education ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Learning ; Nursing ; Private Practice ; Qualitative Research ; Statistics as Topic ; Students, Nursing*

Since cancer is not easily curable, patients who suffer from cancer may have physical, psychological and spiritual problems for the rest of their lives. Especially when cancer patients do not have much to live for and are placing a burden on their family they will experience more suffering emotionally as much as physically. This study was conducted to provide a basis of data for nursing intervention strategies to minimize a cancer patient`s suffering and to understand the relationship between suffering, burden and the meaning of life in cancer patients. The samples were composed of 160 cancer patients who were inpatients or outpatients of two university hospitals and two general hospitals in Seoul. Data collection were carried out from January, 25, 1999 to February, 26, 1999. The data were analyzed using a SAS program for descriptive statistics, pearson correlations, ANOVA, and Duncan tests. The results were as follows; 1. The scores on the two suffering scale ranged from 132 to 40 with a mean of 87.3(SD 17.5). The mean scores on the burden scale is 28.9(SD 6.9) and the score of the meaning of life ranged from 35 to 51 with a mean of 95.6(SD 18.4). 2. There were significant correlations between the amount of suffering and the magnitude of burden (r=.74, p=.00), the suffering and the meaning of life (r=-.59, p=.00) and the burden and meaning of life (r=-.61, p=.00). 3. In the degree of the suffering, the burden and the meaning of life were two very strong factors, the level of the suffering in cancer patients by age (F=2.64, p=.03) and education level (F=4.16, p=.00). The level of the burden in cancer patients differed by education level (F=4.70, p=.00) and type of cancer (F=2.97, p= .03). Also the level of the meaning of life in cancer patients was different by education level (F=3.55, p=.02). In conclusion, the burden and the meaning of life was identified as important variable that is contributed to reduce the suffering of cancer patients.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Hospitals, General ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Nursing ; Outpatients ; Seoul ; Statistics as Topic*

Since cancer is not easily curable, patients who suffer from cancer may have physical, psychological and spiritual problems for the rest of their lives. Especially when cancer patients do not have much to live for and are placing a burden on their family they will experience more suffering emotionally as much as physically. This study was conducted to provide a basis of data for nursing intervention strategies to minimize a cancer patient`s suffering and to understand the relationship between suffering, burden and the meaning of life in cancer patients. The samples were composed of 160 cancer patients who were inpatients or outpatients of two university hospitals and two general hospitals in Seoul. Data collection were carried out from January, 25, 1999 to February, 26, 1999. The data were analyzed using a SAS program for descriptive statistics, pearson correlations, ANOVA, and Duncan tests. The results were as follows; 1. The scores on the two suffering scale ranged from 132 to 40 with a mean of 87.3(SD 17.5). The mean scores on the burden scale is 28.9(SD 6.9) and the score of the meaning of life ranged from 35 to 51 with a mean of 95.6(SD 18.4). 2. There were significant correlations between the amount of suffering and the magnitude of burden (r=.74, p=.00), the suffering and the meaning of life (r=-.59, p=.00) and the burden and meaning of life (r=-.61, p=.00). 3. In the degree of the suffering, the burden and the meaning of life were two very strong factors, the level of the suffering in cancer patients by age (F=2.64, p=.03) and education level (F=4.16, p=.00). The level of the burden in cancer patients differed by education level (F=4.70, p=.00) and type of cancer (F=2.97, p= .03). Also the level of the meaning of life in cancer patients was different by education level (F=3.55, p=.02). In conclusion, the burden and the meaning of life was identified as important variable that is contributed to reduce the suffering of cancer patients.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Hospitals, General ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Nursing ; Outpatients ; Seoul ; Statistics as Topic*

The objective of this research was to compare the flushing effects using 1:1,000 diluted heparin or 0.9% normal saline in relation to needle gauge and frequency of IV medications. The comparative categories were clotting, duration of patency, and incidence of phlebitis. The design of research was a Nonequivalent Control group, Post test, Nonsynchrorized Design. The independent variable was 0.9% normal saline flushing the IV locks and the dependent variables were clotting, duration of patency, and incidence of phlebitis. Subjects were medical-surgical inpatients over 15 years old and with peripherally placed IVs who were hospitalized in a university medical center. Exclusion criteria included foreigners and those who were rejected for this research. The final sample for data analysis included 295 IV sites in 194 patients; 154 were in the saline group and 141 were in the heparin group. Subjects were assigned to have IV locks is flushed with 0.9% normal saline in the experimental group and to have IV lock flushed with 1:1,000 diluted heparin(100 units) in the control group. In order to increase reliability, the nurses who were assigned to the units involved in the study received an explanation on the standard method for locking an IV, recording method for observational data and criteria for the detection of phelbitis. Data were collected for a period of 2 weeks, from March 16, 2000 to March 29, 2000. Total duration of IV was defined the time of IV insertion to the time of discontinuation. Phlebitis was defined as the presence of the following : pain, swelling, erythema at the insertion site. Chi-square was used to determine the association between the degree of clotting, duration of patency, and incidence of phlebitis for the diluted heparine or the normal saline and needle gauge and frequency of IV medications. The results are summarized as follows : (a) There was difference in the degree of clotting between two groups(x2=5.882, p=.015). (b) There was no difference in the degree of duration of patency between two groups(x2=2.439, p=.295). (c) There was no difference in the incidence of phlebits between two groups(x2=0.190, p=.663). (d) There was difference in the degree of clotting(x2=6.209, p=.013) and in the degree of duration of patency(x2=6.978, p=.031) according the needle guage between the two groups. (e) There was difference in the incidence of phlebitis(x2=5.008, p=.025) according to the frequencies of IV injection between two groups.
Academic Medical Centers ; Adolescent ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Erythema ; Flushing ; Heparin* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inpatients ; Needles ; Phlebitis ; Statistics as Topic

Adolescent ; Adult ; Behavior, Addictive ; epidemiology ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Inpatients ; statistics & numerical data ; Internet ; Male ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the inpatient pulmonary hypertension (PH) surveillance in a single center of cardiovascular hospital during last ten years.

METHODSIn this retrospective analysis, data from patients with discharge diagnosis as PH from Jan. 1996 to Dec. 2005 were collected.

RESULTSA total of 7085 out of 106 640 patients (6.63%) were documented as PH during the survey period and 3.77% PH was idiopathic, 65.93% PH originated from congenital heart diseases, 22.61% from left heart diseases, 5.66% from thrombotic diseases, 0.89% from respiratory diseases, 0.61% from connective tissue diseases, 0.51% from pulmonary vasculitis and 0.03% from portal hypertensive diseases. Both total inpatient number and patients with PH increased year by year during the last 10 years in our hospital. The number of in-hospital patients with PH was significantly higher in 2004 - 2005 than that in 1996 - 2003 (P < 0.0001) and more PH was originated from cardiomyopathy and valvular heart diseases. Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension also tended to increase and PH due to congenital heart diseases was significantly reduced during 2004 - 2005.

CONCLUSIONThe data from a single center of cardiovascular hospital shows a tendency for increased in-hospital prevalence of pulmonary hypertension during the last ten years.

Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; epidemiology ; Inpatients ; statistics & numerical data ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUNDThe New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) has been further adjusted and optimized to reduce the financial burden of rural residents and to achieve universal coverage for them. In this study, we aimed to explore the impact of NCMS on medical service utilization and medical expense of inpatients in recent years.

METHODSThe research data of Hainan Province were extracted from the Chinese NCMS platform from 2012 to 2014. Detailed information included total expenditure, average inpatients costs, average out-of-pocket payments, actual reimbursement rate, and average annual growth rate of the above indicators. Descriptive analysis was used to gauge the effects of NCMS.

RESULTSIn the utilization of medical services, NCMS inpatients in tertiary hospital decreased from 25.49% in 2012 to 20.39% in 2014, inpatients in county hospitals increased from 39.49% to 55.92%, simultaneously. The total expenditure in county hospitals rose steadily from 28.46% to 46.66%, meanwhile, the total expenditure in tertiary hospitals fell from 60.44% to 44.51%.The average out-of-pocket costs of rural inpatients remained stable over the years. Furthermore, the compensation fund of NCMS inpatients grew significantly. The actual inpatient reimbursement rate at township health centers increased from 76.93% to 84.04%. Meanwhile, the rate at county hospitals and tertiary hospitals increased slightly from 59.37% and 46.10% to 61.25% and 47.71%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSWith the improvement of the reimbursement ability, especially after the new health care reform in 2009, the NCMS have been playing a prominent role in alleviating the economic burden of farmers' medical treatment. Meanwhile, more patients go to primary hospitals than tertiary hospitals, and the capability of primary hospitals has been greatly improved.

China ; Female ; Health Expenditures ; statistics & numerical data ; Hospitalization ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Inpatients ; statistics & numerical data ; Insurance, Health ; economics ; Male ; Rural Population