A classification and analysis according to sex, age, disease entity and operation was done on 772 inpatients (1008 eyes) admitted to the department of ophthalmology at Chonnam University Hospital. The results were as follows: 1) There were 477 males(61.6%) and 300 females (38.9%). Males far outnumbered females. 2) According to age, the largest group was under age 10,131 (17.0%), and the smallest group in their thirties. 68 (8.8%). 3) Surgical procedures were performed on 517 patients(67%) and not on 255(33%) 4) There were no significant differences in the distribution of the involved site; 272 (35.2%) were left eyes, 266 (34.5%) right eyes, and 234(30.3%) both eyes. 5) The most common ocular diseases were, in order of frequency, catarct(35.1%), trauma, glaucoma, and strabismus.
Classification ; Female ; Glaucoma ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; Jeollanam-do ; Male ; Ophthalmology* ; Strabismus

BACKGROUND: It is not so reasonable international classification of disease and surgical procedure to clinicians. Authors made a more comprehensive standardization for neurological disease and neurosurgical procedures and have been used for the analysis of the inpatients. METHODS: For making the standardization of disease, we modified the mane of disease according to that used for daily report during 10 years, textbook of neurosurgery, but kept the fields of international coding system in each. Neurosurgical procedures were made and modified according to Current Procedure Terminology 96. Client-server system was used for networking and database software was applied. The neurosurgical patients admitted at Soonchunhyuna University Hospital from January o December, 1998 were analysed with this system. RESULTS: Diseases were classified as 14 large categories and 379 small categories. Neurosurgical procedures were did also 20 large and 202 small categories. Futhermore, international coding system such as ICD-10 and ICD-9CM maintained for the disease and procedures in each. The number of patients for admission and operation during 1 year were 834 and 412 patients. The accurate and rapid interpretation of the disease and surgical procedures was identified. CONCLUSIONS: It could be possibel to make database of patients management with the resonable standardization of disease and neurosurgical procedures.
Classification ; Clinical Coding ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; International Classification of Diseases ; Neurosurgery ; Neurosurgical Procedures

The rapid change of hospital environment emphasizes the importance of hospital information system. To be effective, the definitions and codes of data which will be required by the health professionals workstation should be standardized. In Korea, many hospitals are implementing order communication system in order to expedite the patient management process, to enhance the service, and for effective management of medical information. Various codes those are in use in hospitals should be standardized for effective interdepartmental and interhospital communication. This paper shows the current status of implementing order communication system in hospitals which have more than 400 beds in Korea, application status of operation an procedure classification systems, e.g., International Classification of Procedures in Medicine, and International Classification of Diseases-9th-Clinical Modification. 22 hospitals (29.0%) are implementing inpatient OCS and 29 hospitals(38.2%) for outpatient OCS. 46 hospitals(60.5%0 are applying ICPM and among them 23 hospitals(50.0%) showed dissatisfaction for that classification system. 30 hospitals(39.5%) are applying ICD-9-CM and none of them revealed dissatisfaction for that classification system. 64 hospitals(84.2%) want new classification system for operation and procedures and 58 hospitals(76.3%) revealed the necessarily of standardization of code of physicans, clinical departments and administrative departments.
Classification ; Health Occupations ; Hospital Information Systems ; Humans ; Inpatients ; International Classification of Diseases ; Korea ; Outpatients

OBJECTIVETo explore the correlation between electronic bronchus mirror and Chinese medical syndrome typing of Mycoplasma pneumonia children.

METHODSTotally 198 Mycoplasma pneumonia children inpatients were assigned to three syndrome types according to Chinese medical syndrome typing and self-formulated typing standards of electronic bronchus mirror, i.e., Fei-qi accumulation of damp and heat syndrome, Fei-qi accumulation of toxicity and heat syndrome, deficient vital qi leading to lingering of pathogen syndrome. The correlation between electronic bronchus mirror and Chinese medical syndrome typing was explored.

RESULTSAs for comparison between electronic bronchus mirror and Chinese medical syndrome typing, Kappa value (K^) was 0.645 and Spearman coefficient correlation (r) was 0.653 (P < 0.01) for Fei-qi accumulation of damp and heat syndrome; K^ was 0.724 and r(s) was 0.727 (P < 0.01) for Fei-qi accumulation of toxicity and heat syndrome; K^ was 0.506 and r(s) was 0.515 (P < 0.01) for deficient vital qi leading to lingering of pathogen syndrome.

CONCLUSIONChinese medical syndrome typing of Mycoplasma pneumonia children was moderately in line with inspection typing under electronic bronchoscope with significant correlation.

The objectives of the study were to provide the basic informations needed in the development of balanced medical services throughout the nation. As the national health care system was expanding rapidly along with the economic growth, quantitative re-evaluation of the system is of great need. For that reason, characteristics of the admitted patients were analyzed for the case-mix and patients' flow within and through regions. Materials were 421,530 cases of inpatients, who were reported through Medical Insurance Corporation(KMIC) for insurance claim, during the period of March 1, 1985 through February 28, 1987. Korean Diagnosis Related Groups(K-DRGs) classification system was adopted for the study of case-mix and 189 cities and countries were classified into 5 district groups by factor analysis results of K-DRGs. The major findings of this study were as follows ; 1) Factor analysis of case-mix, employing K-DRG system, revealed 5 distinct functional district groups. Group A(18 district) was prominent for tertiary medical care. In group B(36 districts), rather simple procedures were prevalent. Group C(26 districts) was distinctive for the medical care of well organized internal medicine practices with qualified clinical laboratories. Group D(17 districts) was characterized by relatively high balanced medical care. Group E (92 districts) was with very low level of medical care. 2) Analysis of the case-flow through the districts showed 3 types of flow patterns ; inflow, outflow, and balanced types. Inflow type of case-flow was found in Group A, C and D while Group B and E showed outflow type. Inflow was most prominent in Group A and Group E was of typical outflow type. Group B was consistently the outflow type except for Major Diagnostic Category XX regardless of the disease treaders, but Group C and D were inflow or outflow types according to the disease tracers.
Classification ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Diagnosis ; Economic Development ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; Insurance ; Internal Medicine ; Rationalization

PURPOSE: To develop staffing levels for nursing personnel (registered nurses and nursing assistants) to provide inpatients with integrated nursing care that includes, in addition to professional nursing care, personal care previously provided by patients' families or private caregivers. METHODS: A time & motion study was conducted to observe nursing care activities and the time spent by nursing personnel, families, and private caregivers in 10 medical-surgical units. The Korean Patient Classification System-1 (KPCS-1) was used for the nurse manager survey conducted to measure staffing levels and patient needs for nursing care. RESULTS: Current nurse to patient ratios from the time-motion study and the survey study were 1:10 and 1:11, respectively. Time spent in direct patient care by nursing personnel and family/private caregivers was 51 and 130 minutes per day, respectively. Direct nursing care hours correlated with KPCS-1 scores. Nursing personnel to patient ratio required to provide integrated inpatient care ranged from 1:3.9 to 1:6.1 in tertiary hospitals and from 1:4.4 to 1:6.0 in general hospitals. The functional nursing care delivery system had been implemented in 38.5% of the nursing units. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that appropriate nurse staffing and efficient nursing care delivery systems are required to provide integrated inpatient nursing care.
Caregivers ; Classification ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; Nurse Administrators ; Nursing Care* ; Nursing* ; Patient Care ; Tertiary Care Centers

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the relationship of fatigue to medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. Subjects and METHODS: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project, 2002~2004). A total of 30,146 employees categorized within the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were recruited. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the participants' sociodemographics, job-related factors, health-related behaviors, personality trait, self-perceived fatigue (MFS) and the frequency of medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. Data on medical utilization and occupational accident were confirmed from company health records. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to elucidate the relationship of self-perceived fatigue to medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. RESULTS: In logistic regression analyses, self-perceived fatigue was associated with medical utilization (outpatient), occupational accident and sickness absence although the strength of the associations was higher in the blue collar workers except for medical utilization. For medical utilization, the white collar workers' adjusted odds ratios of outpatient utilization for workers scoring in the third quartile and the highest quartile, compared to workers scoring in the lowest quartile were 1.50 (95% CI: 1.20-1.87) and 2.16 (95% CI: 1.69-2.75), respectively. The blue collar workers' adjusted odds ratios of outpatient utilization for workers scoring in the second (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.06-1.43), third (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.22- 1.66) and highest quartile (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.55-2.17), respectively, compared to workers scoring in the lowest quartile were statistically significant. However, no associations were found between fatigue and inpatient utilization for either the white or blue collar workers. The blue collar workers' adjusted odds ratios of being injured for workers scoring in the second, third and highest quartile were 1.41 (95% CI: 1.00-2.00), 1.57 (95% CI: 1.10-2.22) and 2.41 (95% CI: 1.69-3.44), respectively, compared to those scoring in the lowest quartile, but, those of the white collar workers were not significant. There was more likely to an increased risk of sickness absence in workers scoring in the second, third and highest quartile compared to those scoring in the lowest quartile in both white and blue collar workers, but the magnitudes of risk were higher in the blue collar workers than the white collars workers. CONCLUSION: This result suggests that fatigue is a determinant predictor of medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence, and that the pattern of risks for the three outcomes differs according to the occupational type. Some limitations of this study and considerations for future study were also discussed.
Accidents, Occupational* ; Classification ; Fatigue* ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Logistic Models ; Odds Ratio ; Outpatients

OBJECTIVES: This randomized, multicenter, open-label, parallel clinical trial was carried to compare the therapeutic efficacy and the proportion of successful switch between 'direct switching method' and 'start-tapering switching method' when switching an antipsychotic to olanzapine. METHODS: This study included both inpatients and outpatients who fulfilled the criteria for schizophrenia as defined in the ICD-10 from 13 hospitals, and were in need to be appropriate for switching antipsychotics. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two switching methods. For 'direct switching method' group, previous antipsychotics were abruptly discontinued and 10mg of olanzapine was administered, whereas for 'start-tapering switching method' group, initially 10mg of olanzapine was administered and previous antipsychotics was gradually tapered for 2 weeks. Olanzapine was used for 6 weeks and the dose was adjusted within the range of 5-20mg. The therapeutic efficacy was measured with PANSS, BPRS, and CGI-Severity. A successful switching was defined as the completion of the 6 week trial without either worsening of the symptom(i.e. CGI-S score becomes worse twice consecutively) or the exacerbation of extrapyramidal symptoms(i.e. Simpson-Angus Scale scores becomes worse). RESULTS: 103 schizophrenic patients were participated in this study. There were no differences in baseline characteristics such as the demographic variables, the severity of symptoms, the history of previous antipsychotics treatments, the dosage of olanzapine used and the compliance between two groups. The proportion of successful switch was 71.1% for "direct switching method" and 82.2% for "start-tapering switching method", and there was no significant difference between the two switching methods. Also response rates to olanzapine based on total PANSS total scores were not different between the two groups(26.9% vs. 31.1%). At the time of completion of the trial, the scores of PANSS total, PANSS subscales, CGI-S and BPRS have significantly decreased after switching to olanzapine. But the changes of all scales measuring therapeutic efficacy in both endpoint and weekly analyses were not significantly different between the two switching methods. CONCLUSION: Although this study trial has many limitations and problems as an open clinical trial, the results may suggest that there were no significant differences between the two switching methods in the therapeutic efficacy. It was also found that the additional therapeutic benefits could be obtained by switching their antipsychotics to olanzapine.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Compliance ; Humans ; Inpatients ; International Classification of Diseases ; Outpatients ; Schizophrenia ; Weights and Measures

The objective of this study was to investigate the national trends in rotator cuff surgery in Korea and analyze hospital type-specific trends. We analyzed a nationwide database acquired from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) from 2007 to 2015. International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes, procedure codes, and arthroscopic device code were used to identify patients who underwent surgical treatment for rotator cuff disease. A total of 383,719 cases of rotator cuff surgeries were performed from 2007 to 2015. The mean annual percentage change in the age-adjusted rate of rotator cuff surgery per population of 100,000 persons rapidly increased from 2007 to 2012 (53.3%, P < 0.001), while that between 2012 to 2015 remained steady (2.3%, P = 0.34). The proportion of arthroscopic surgery among all rotator cuff surgeries steadily rose from 89.9% in 2007 to 96.8% in 2015 (P < 0.001). In terms of hospital types, the rate of rotator cuff surgery increased to the greatest degree in hospitals with 30–100 inpatient beds, and isolated acromioplasty procedure accounted for a larger proportion of the rotator cuff surgeries in small hospitals and clinics compared to large hospitals. Overall, our findings indicate that cases of rotator cuff surgery have increased rapidly recently in Korea, of which arthroscopic surgeries account for the greatest proportion. While rotator cuff surgery is a popular procedure that is commonly performed even in small hospitals, there was a difference in the component ratio of the procedure code in accordance with hospital type.
Arthroscopy ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Insurance, Health ; International Classification of Diseases ; Korea* ; Rotator Cuff*

Renal tuberculosis has been one of the most frequent disease in the urological field of Korea for a long period of time. A clinical observation of renal tuberculosis was made on 71 patients admitted to the Department of Urology, Han-Il Hospital from January 1972 to December 1981. The results were summerized as follows: l. These 71 patients (79 kidneys)stood for 6.7% of the total inpatients. 2. Positive urine AFB were demonstrated in 41 (57.7%)of 71 patients on direct smear and 9 (42.9%)of 21 patients on culture. 3. The excretory urograms of 75 tuberculous kidneys (67 patients)revealed absence of visualization in 28.0% and delayed visualization in 24.0%. The classification based on Lattimer (1953)with 67 IVPs and 30 RGPs was 6.7% in Group 1, 41.3% in Group 2, 22.7% in Group 3, 29.3% in Group 4 and absent in Group 0. 4. Nephrectomy was performed in 30.4% (24 patients)of 71 patients. 5. One of 3 hypertensive patients was significantly decreased blood pressure after nephrectomy.
Blood Pressure ; Classification ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Kidney ; Korea ; Nephrectomy ; Tuberculosis, Renal* ; Urology