OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out in order to raise workers'recognition of the effects of respirator use by providing concrete and practical data. METHODS: Twenty-six workers who dealt with toluene based ink and diluents at a gravure printing office in Seoul were investigated. The toluene exposure level and urinary hippuric acid level were monitored under respirator non-wearing(RNW) and under respiratory wearing(RW) conditions. RESULTS: The mean concentrations of toluene exposed to each worker through the air of gravure printing office were 147.52+/-57.34 and 134.55+/-52.44 ppm on respirator non-wearing day and respirator wearing day, respectively. There was no significant difference in toluene exposure concentration for the two days. The mean concentration of urinary hippuric acid in RNW and RW groups were 1.51 (0.53) g/L and 0.49 (0.14) g/L, respectively, as measured at the end of the workday. There was a significant difference seen in urinary hippuric acid concentration between the two days. The urinary hippuric acid concentration began to increase at 4 hours after the start of the workday(13:00) in RNW. However, there was no significant increase until the end of the workday in the case of RW. The urinary hippuric acid concentration in RW reduced 89.3% as compared with the concentration seen in RNW. There was a significant correlation between the toluene concentration and the urinary hippuric acid concentration in RNW. The regression equation was Y (urinary hippuric acid concentration, g/L) = 0.007 X x(toluene concentration in the air, ppm) + 0.665. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the respirator intercepted most toluene that may have been absorbed into the respiratory organs, and suggested that properly wearing a respiratory such as wearing the respirator during the entire workday and performing a proper fit test played an important role in the protection from toluene exposure
Ink ; Seoul ; Toluene ; Ventilators, Mechanical*

The Q-switched lasers which was introduced under the concept of selective photothermolysis. Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, which targets dark pigments in a longer wave length (1064 nm) that has less absorption by melanin, can effectively treat deep tattoos with less pigmentary alterations. We report our experience over the past 3 years in treating 565 patients with tattoos and cutaneous pigmented lesions using the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Patients were exposed with a pulse duration of 10 ns and fluences of 6, 7 J/cm2(1064 nm) or 12, 14 J/cm2(532 nm), in exposure spots of 2 mm or 3 mm, at intervals of 4 weeks. Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was effective in removing deep pigmented lesion with 1064 nm, and colored inks with 532 nm. Seventy-three percent of amateur black pigmented lesion were > 75% clear after four to ten treatment. Ninty-eight percent of professional black pigmented lesion were > 75% clear after two on eyebrow, six to eight on extremity and trunk. No significant side effects, including pigmentary changes or scarring, were noted.
Absorption ; Cicatrix ; Extremities ; Eyebrows ; Humans ; Ink ; Melanins

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to compare volume and revascularization of autogenous block bone grafts in simultaneously cortical perforation of recipient beds and grafts, and only cortical perforation of recipient beds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two block bone in 8mm diameter was harvested in both skull using trephine bur on 20 New Zealand white rabbits. Harvested block bone was grafted on both inferior border of mandible. On the left side(experimental side), cortical bone of recipient beds and graftwere perforated, and on the right side(control side), the only recipient bed was perforated. The rabbits had been sacrificed and infused the India ink for the observation of revascularization at 20 day and 40 day after surgery. The specimens were processed for H-E staining and quantitative analysis(independent t-test, p<0.01) was made under an optical microscope. In additional, specimens were processed for the observation of revascularization. RESULTS: After 20 days, more bone volume was observed in experimental group, but no significant difference between two groups(p=0.106). There were significantly more bone volume in the experimental group at 40 days after surgery(p<0.01). After 20 days, more discrete vascular sprouts were observed in experimental side, but no difference at 40 days after surgery. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the cortical perforation of both the recipient beds and grafts improve revascularization at early stage and overall graft persistence.
Carbon ; India ; Ink ; Mandible ; Rabbits ; Skull ; Transplants

We report the case of a 33-year-old male who presented with a malignant melanoma on his anterior chest wall. The lesion was only found in the red ink pigment of the tattoo, as were several in-transit dermal metastases. Possible explanations include a pre-existing lesion which was seeded with red ink or the possibility of the red ink causing an inflammatory reaction leading to malignant transformation. This is the first reported case of a melanoma developing in the red ink pigment of a multi-colored tattoo.
Adult ; Humans ; Ink* ; Male ; Melanoma* ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Skin ; Thoracic Wall

Thirty-nine patients with pityrosporum folliculitis were investigated clinically and histopathologically. On clinical observation there were numerous, chronic, moderately itchy (64.1%), dome-shaped papules (89.7%) and pustules (66.7%). The most frequent sites of the lesions were the upper portion of the chest (76.9%) and back (56.4%). In biopsy specimens, abundant round and budding yeast cells were seen in a dilated hair follicle. The reptured follicle was observed in 19 specimen (48.7%). The accumulation on inflammatory cells were observed in or around the upper part of the follicle in all specimens. The effect of antimycotic treatment was excellent. After 4 weeks of treatment, 36 patients (92%) were cured and 3 (8%) had improved significantly. KOH/Parker Ink direct smear was done in 20 patients. Blue-colored round and budding yeast cells were observed under a light mcroscope in all patients. We suggest that pityrosporum folliculitis is a common disease of young and middle-aged Koreans.
Biopsy ; Folliculitis* ; Hair Follicle ; Humans ; Ink ; Malassezia* ; Saccharomycetales ; Thorax ; Yeasts

Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy has become widespread as a treatment for early gastric cancer in eastern Asia, but a standard method for setting the stomach transection line has not been established. Here we report a novel method of setting this line based on anatomical landmarks. At the start of the operation, two anatomical landmarks along the greater curvature of the stomach were marked with ink: the proximal landmark at the avascular area between the last branch of the short gastric artery and the first branch of the left gastroepiploic artery, and the distal landmark at the point of communication between the right and left gastroepiploic arteries. Just before specimen retrieval, the stomach was transected from the center of these two landmarks toward the lesser curvature. Then, about two-third of the stomach was reproducibly resected, and gastroduodenostomy was successfully performed in 26 consecutive cases. This novel method could be used as a standard technique for setting the transection line in laparoscopic distal gastrectomy.
Arteries ; Far East ; Gastrectomy* ; Gastroepiploic Artery ; Ink ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Stomach*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic yield of five systematic randomized protocols using 12–20 biopsy cores with variably-sized phantoms. METHODS: A total of 100 prostate phantom models were produced by casting liquid devil's tongue jelly using silicone molds. Sets of 20 phantoms were created with the following volumes: 20 mL, 40 mL, 60 mL, 80 mL, and 100 mL. Three focal lesions were created by injecting 0.5 mL of warm agar solution stained with red, blue, and green ink into each phantom model. The focal lesions were verified by ultrasonography. The systematic randomized biopsy protocols consisted of 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 biopsy cores. The diagnostic yield of the multiple systematic biopsy protocols was compared. RESULTS: The overall detection rates of each model set were 93.3% for 20 mL, 88.3% for 40 mL, 71.7% for 60 mL, 43.3% for 80 mL, and 30.0% for 100 mL. Statistically significant differences in the detection rate were found between 40 mL and 60 mL and between 60 mL and 80 mL. No statistically significant increase in the detection rate was observed within a given volume set even when the number of core biopsies increased from 12 to 20. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic yield of systematic randomized biopsies is inversely proportional to the phantom volume.
Agar ; Amorphophallus ; Biopsy* ; Fungi ; Ink ; Prostate* ; Silicon ; Silicones ; Tongue* ; Ultrasonography

Despite the recognized desirability of spenic salvage,forced splenectomy remains the rule in many operative situations,including trauma and pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phagocytic function,histologic finding and anatomic change when the perfusion of preserved spleen was done only through short gastric vessels after splenic vessel ligation. In this situation, we evaluate the necessity of mass reduction to improve the perfusion into the residual spleen by 2/3 patial splenectomy. We studied 41 Sprague-Dawley rats by subdiving them into 3 main groups.In HL(;Hilar ligation)group, splenic vessel ligation was done(n=18). In HLS(Hilar ligation + 2/3partial splenectomy), splenic vessel ligation and partial splenectomy were done(n=18), and the others(n=5) were used as a control group. The changes of anatomy,histologic findings, and phagocytic functions in the preserved splenic tissue were observed at 1hour,2weeks, and 5months postoperatively,based on results of the India ink technique for demonstrating phagocytic function and on results of regular histologic examination. In all rats,at least 1 upper short gastric vessel was noted without direct connection to splenic vessel.In HL group,at 2weeks postoperatively,the size and weight of the preserved spleens were severely decreased to 1/3 of those of control group(p=0.0002). But,after 5months,the size and weight recovered to about 70-80% of those of initial spleen parameters.In HLS group,the size and weight changes were not found.At 1hour postoperatively phagocytic activity decreased to 35% in the control group,10% at 2weeks and not improved at 5months in both groups.The white pulps didn't show any specific change. We concluded that in spite of splenic mass reduction,the white pulp did not change, and phagocytic function was not improved.Therefore,the splenic mass reduction is not essential for the recovery of phagocytic function at the preserved spleen.
Animals ; India ; Ink ; Ligation ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; Perfusion ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spleen ; Splenectomy

PURPOSE: For the occlusion of a high-flow fistula, glue is an effective embolic agent. In order to visualize glue fluoroscopicaolly, we demonstrated the different embolic effect of pure glue and a glue-tungsten mixture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A flow phantom model consisted of a circulating pump (Simon varistaltic pump, Manostat Corporation, U.S.A.) connected to a tygon tube (S-50-HL, Norton Performance Plastic Corporation, U.S.A.); flow was maintained by saline at about 4ml/sec. The tygon tube (4.8mm inner diameter) was cut to a length of 60cm; a Y-connector was fitted to the end of its inflow tract and a gauze filter to the end of the outflow tract. A microcatheter was introduced through the Y-connector into the proximal portion of the tube. 1.0cc of pure glue and 0.25g glue-tungsten mixture were each injected rapidly, three times, and in order to observe flow status within the tygon tube, ink was injected. The shape of the glue cast and the pattern of flow arrest were observed and the length of the cast was measured. In an animal experiment, 0.5cc glue with or without tungsten powder was rapidly injected into the brachial artery of the pig and angiographic findings were compared before and after injection. RESULTS: In the flow phantom experiment, the injection of pure glue resulted in complete flow arrest within the tygon tube; the length of the cast was 7cm. Another injection resulted in incomplete flow arrest and a cast lengthof 16cm. A further injection resulted in the complete passage of glue into the gauze filter, and complete flow arrest. An injection of glue-tungsten mixture resulted in incomplete flow arrest, and a cast length of 30cm; in two other injections, glue-tungsten mixtures passed the tygon tube and gauze filter without flow arrest. In the animal experiment, pure glue resulted in complete in complete flow arrest with minimal distal migration of the glue cast. In contrast, glue-tungsten mixture resulted in incomplete flow arrest or distal migration of the cast, with minimal collateral development. CONCLUSION: Pure glue resulted in complete flow arrest within a short distance of the catheter tip. In contrast, a glue-tungsten mixture tended to result in incomplete flow arrest and more distal migration than was the case with pure glue. In a high-flow vascular lesion, a glue-tungsten mixture therefore appears to result in more distal migration than pure glue without tungsten.
Adhesives* ; Animal Experimentation ; Animals ; Brachial Artery ; Catheters ; Fistula ; Ink ; Plastics ; Tungsten

Secondary cutaneous cryptococcosis may occur earlier than other manifestations of disseminated cryptococcosis. A 68-year-old woman presented with multiple ulcerative lesions on the right calf of 2 weeks duration. She had been treated with antibiotics, but the lesions spread rapidly. The initial clinical impression was necrotizing fasciitis, but routine KOH mounting from the ulcerative lesions showed numerous budding yeast cells with peripheral clear zones and further investigations including a skin biopsy, tissue cultures and India ink preparations allowed a rapid and definitive diagnosis of cutaneous cryptococcosis. Studies for other evidence of infection elsewhere revealed an asymptomatic pulmonary lesion. We report a case of secondary cutaneous cryptococcosis clinically mimicking necrotizing fasciitis that occured before other manifestations of disseminated cryptococcosis.
Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Biopsy ; Cryptococcosis* ; Diagnosis ; Fasciitis, Necrotizing* ; Female ; Humans ; India ; Ink ; Saccharomycetales ; Skin ; Ulcer