Objectives: To determine the skin and subcutaneous thickness of adult diabetic Filipinos using ultrasonography. Methodology: We studied 293 Filipino diabetic adults who had ultrasonographic measurements of their skin thickness (ST) and subcutaneous thickness (SCT) at common insulin injection sites. Results: The mean ST ranges from 1.76 mm to 2.75mm. The mean SCT ranges from 6.91 mm to 19.1 mm. The anterior thigh area has the thinnest mean ST and SCT. On the other hand, the buttocks have the thickest mean ST and area of abdomen has the thickest mean SCT. On multiple regression analysis, the predictors for skin thickness are injection site, age, BMI, gender and insulin use, however the overall influence of all these factors on skin thickness is variable at best. Conclusion Skin thickness among Filipinos varies marginally depending on injection site being thickest at the buttocks and thinnest at the thighs. On the other hand, there is greater variability in SCT depending on the injection site, being thickest at the abdominal area and thinnest at the anterior thigh.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Injections, Subcutaneous

Desensitization, Immunologic ; methods ; Humans ; Injections, Subcutaneous

No abstract available.
Epinephrine* ; Injections, Subcutaneous* ; Lidocaine* ; Ophthalmic Artery*

Vaccination is the most efficient method for infectious disease prevention. Parenteral injections such as intramuscular, intradermal, and subcutaneous injections have several advantages in vaccine delivery, but there are many drawbacks. Thus, the development of a new vaccine delivery system has long been required. Recently, microneedles have been attracting attention as new vaccination tools. Microneedle is a highly effective transdermal vaccine delivery method due to its mechanism of action, painlessness, and ease of use. Here, we summarized the characteristics of microneedles and the possibilities as a new vaccine delivery route.
Communicable Diseases ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Methods* ; Vaccination ; Vaccines*

No abstract available.
Burns* ; Calcium Gluconate* ; Calcium* ; Hydrofluoric Acid* ; Injections, Subcutaneous*

No abstract available.
Burns* ; Calcium Gluconate* ; Calcium* ; Hydrofluoric Acid* ; Injections, Subcutaneous*

As increasing demands for facial soft tissue augmentation by injection or minimal invasive procedures, filler injection has become a popular and proper method for patients' demands. Autologous substance filler is safe and has no side effects, proceeded with the patient's own blood plasma. From December 2009 to March 2010, subjects were total of 52 patients. Chief complaints of wrinkle on facial parts were extensive. Most patients received multiple injections on several facial parts. Blood samples taken from the patients were put in a centrifuge to separate plasma. Seprerated plasma was heated in 100degrees C with ALSA(R)(Alamouti and Sattler) system. ALSA(R) gel filler was injected in the patients' wrinkles and depressed areas. A week after the ALSA(R) gel filler injection, most of them were satisfied. A month later, satisfaction was relatively high. But after 3 months, inquiry results changed, the number of unsatisfied patients increased. Because of absorption of injected ALSA(R) gel filler. ALSA(R) had less side effects than other fillers. ALSA(R) could be used continuously, because its component was patient's own blood plasma. However, compare to other fillers, duration was relatively short. More research needs to be performed to increase the duration period and supplement the shortcomings.
Absorption ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Plasma ; Rejuvenation

BACKGROUND: Thymopentin(TP-5) is an immunomodulatory agent which may be a promising new drug in the treatment of patients with severe atopic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of thymopentin for treatment of severe atopic dermatitis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Fifteen patients with severe atopic dermatitis received subcutaneous injections of 50mg thymopentin three times per week for 6 weeks. Clinical extent and severity parameters were assessed at baseline, at regular intervals during therapy and 4 weeks posttherapy. Use of antihistamine and topical steroid were permitted. RESULT: Significant reduction in severity scores and body surface area involvement was observed and no significant side effects were noted(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Thymopentin may be considered to be an effective adjunctive therapeutic agent in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis. Further studies will be needed to determine the action mechanism of thymopentin.
Body Surface Area ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Humans ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Thymopentin*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify effects of abdominal skin massage and warming therapy on the pain and anxiety to breast cancer patients who underwent hormone injections. METHODS: The subjects for the study were 60 breast cancer patients who underwent hormone injections (20 in the control group, 20 in the abdominal skin massage group, and 20 in the warming therapy group). Abdominal skin massage was conducted following KSMA's (Korea science massage association) advice and warming therapy was executed at 48 ℃ for 20 minutes. The results were checked using subjective and objective measurement tools. RESULTS: After abdominal skin massage and warming therapy, subjective (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) and objective (facial expression and vocal change) pain scores were significantly decreased (p<.001) Also, Anxiety state was significantly decreased compared to the control group (p =.043). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that abdominal skin massage and warming therapy were highly effective in alleviating pain and anxiety in patients who underwent hormone injections.
Anxiety* ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Humans ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Massage* ; Skin*

VUR is usually diagnosed by standard voiding cystourethrography(VCU). However, we are sometimes puzzled not being able to find VUR on VCU in the group of patients in whom VUR is highly suspected from accompanying obvious clinical, urographic and endoscopic features. For the purpose of detecting this type of VUR or 'subclinical VUR, VCU was performed after subcutaneous injection of bethanechol chloride in 3 patients who were highly suspected of VUR and two were diagnosed as subclinical VUR . Case 1 was diagnosed left VUR(grade II ) and case 2 was diagnosed right VUR(grade II) on VCU after' subcutaneous injection of bethanechol chloride. Both underwent unilateral ureteroneocystostomy and are on follow-up. Bethanechol chloride induced voiding cystourethrography is suggested to be a highly method to detect subclinical vesicoureteral reflux.
Bethanechol* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux*