After utilization of CT scanner in the diagnosic of patients with severe head injuries, IH is more frequently reported. Patients with head injuries associated with IH have worse prognosis than that with no IH. This suggests that cranio-cerebral trauma is the major cause of that bad prognosis.
Injections, Intraventricular ; Prognosis

In this study the action of pancuronium given directly into the lateral ventricle on the mean blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory frequency and skeletal muscular contractility of the rabbit were investigated. Pancuronium, which a dose of 10ug/kg and 30kg/kg were given into the lateral ventricle of rabbit. 1) Intraventricular injection of 10ug/kg of pancuronium increased pulse rate, respiratory frequency and muscle contraction and the differences were not statiscally significant. 2) Intraventricular injection of 30ug/kg of pancuronium produced a gradual increase of respiratory frequency which began at 5 minutes after drug injection and continued over a half hour. The difference between control and experimental value was statistically significant (p<0.005) while pulse rate and muscular contractility were increased but not significant. 3) Mean blood pressure was not changed after intraventricular injection of the pancuronium.
Blood Pressure ; Heart Rate ; Injections, Intraventricular ; Lateral Ventricles* ; Muscle Contraction ; Pancuronium*

For the reduction of morbidity, such as an acute hydrocephalus, following intraventricular hemorrhage, we attempted to produce a lysis of the experimental intraventricular hemorrhage by a direct intraventricular injection of fibrinolytic agent. Urokinase was used as the fibrinolytic activator. Sixty-four adult rabbits were used in this study. The animals were divided into 5 groups to investigate the effect of urokinase in different time interval of urokinase injection. Intraventricular hemorrhage was made by an injection of 0.3cc of autogenous venous blood. Group I was the control group in which intraventricular injection of blood or urokinase was only done. In Group II and III urokinase was injected into the ventricule 30 minutes and 2 hours after the blood injection. In Group IV urokinase was injected into the ventricle at the same time of the blood injection. In Group V urokinase was injected into the ventricle at the same time of the blood injection, and then the urokinase injection was repeated 24 hours later. The animals of each group were sacrificed on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 7th day successively after the experimental procedures. The brains were examined to observe the outcome of intraventricular hematoma with urokinase injection and the consequent changes of the ventricular system grossly and microscopically. The results were as follows : The duration of the remaining hematoma in the ventricles and basal cisterns was 7 days in both the control and the urokinase injection groups equally. In the group of repeated urokinase injection the duration of remaining hematoma in the ventricular system was shortened to 5 days after the blood injection. Upon the ventricular dilatation, the blood injection control group showed moderate dilatation persistently for 1 week ; from minimal to moderate dilatations were found in the urokinase injection groups. In the microscopic examination there were no definite abnormal changes on the ventricular walls and leptomeninges throughout 1 week in the urokinase injection control group. The group of repeated urokinase injection revealed mild flattening and denudation of the ependyma of the ventricular system than the group of single urokinase injection.
Adult ; Animals ; Brain ; Dilatation ; Ependyma ; Hematoma ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Injections, Intraventricular ; Rabbits ; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator*

OBJECTIVE: The LiquoGuard® system is a new ventricular-type monitoring device that facilitates intracranial pressure (ICP)-controlled or volume-controlled drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The purpose of this study is to report the authors' experience with the LiquoGuard® ICP monitoring system, as well as the clinical safety, usefulness, and limitations of this device in the management of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: Intraventricular ICP monitoring was performed on 10 patients with TBI using the LiquoGuard® monitoring system. ICP measurements, volume of drained CSF, and clinical outcomes were analyzed and discussed. RESULTS: ICP monitoring was performed on 10 patients for a mean duration of 6.9 days. With a mean 82,718 records per patient, the mean initial ICP was 16.4 mm Hg and the average ICP across the total duration of monitoring was 15.5 mm Hg. The mean volume of drained CSF was 29.2 cc/day, with no CSF drained in 4 patients. Seven of 10 patients showed 1 or 2 episodes of abnormal ICP measurements. No patient exhibited complications associated with ICP monitoring. CONCLUSION: The LiquoGuard® system is a versatile tool in the management of TBI patients. Its use is both reliable and feasible for ICP monitoring and therapeutic drainage of CSF. However, episodes of abnormal ICP measurements were frequently observed in patients with slit ventricles, and further study may be needed to overcome this issue.
Brain Injuries* ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Drainage ; Humans ; Injections, Intraventricular ; Intracranial Pressure* ; Monitoring, Physiologic

The authors attempted to make experimental intraventricular hemorrhage by injection of autogenous whole blood into the lateral ventricle through a small burr hole and to observe the outcome of the intraventricular hematoma and the consequent change of the ventricular system in the rabbits. 1) The maximum duration of remaining hematoma was 4 days in the ventricular system and 28 days in the subarachnoid space. 2) In the ventricular hemorrhage group, the ventricular began to dilate after 1 day of hemorrhage. 3) The degree of the ventricular dilatation related to the amount of the injected blood into the lateral ventricle. 4) In the microscopic findings of the ventricular dilatation, flattening of the periventricular white matter fiber were more prominent in acute phase and subsided thereafter. Hemosiderin or siderophage observed before 1 week at the ventricular wall and after 1 week at the leptomeninges. The meningeal fibrosis or thickening was almost constantly presented throughout the 4 weeks. 5) The gross and microscopic changes were milder in the steroid therapy group than the others.
Dilatation ; Ependyma ; Fibrosis ; Hematoma ; Hemorrhage ; Hemosiderin ; Hydrocephalus ; Injections, Intraventricular* ; Lateral Ventricles ; Rabbits ; Subarachnoid Space

Animals ; Chickens ; physiology ; Eating ; drug effects ; Injections, Intraventricular ; methods ; Neuropeptide Y ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology

Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Benzopyrenes ; administration & dosage ; toxicity ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; pathology ; Injections, Intraventricular ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Animals ; Female ; Injections, Intraventricular ; Male ; Maze Learning ; drug effects ; Memory ; drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Toluene ; administration & dosage ; toxicity

OBJECTIVE: To investigate which outcome measurements are useful for detecting functional changes after therapeutic approach to delayed motor impairment in an animal model of Huntington's disease (HD). METHOD: R6/2 transgenic mice received intraventricular injections of adenoviral BDNF/noggin (AdB/N), AdBDNF, AdNull (n=15 each) at 4 weeks of age. Untreated R6/2s and wild-type mice were also recruited as controls. Motor performance was measured using rotarod analysis and locomotor activity test at regular intervals until preterminal age of 13 weeks. RESULTS: On constant speed rotarod testing, AdB/N-treated R6/2s exhibited a delayed disease progression after post- operative 6 weeks. AdB/N also ameliorated general locomotor activity deficits. One min-rotarod analysis showed a delayed motor impairment in AdBDNF group at preterminal age compared with AdNull and untreated controls, which was not shown in 3 min and 5 min-rotarod. Accelerating rotarod paradigm was not superior to constant speed. Partial therapeutic effects on locomotor activities were detected in total 60 min-monitoring, but not in 30 min- or 10 min- monitoring. CONCLUSION: Appropriate behavioral testing and outcome measurements should be selected to detect the treatment effect to slow functional deterioration in HD.
Animals* ; Disease Progression ; Huntington Disease* ; Injections, Intraventricular ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Animal* ; Motor Activity ; Rotarod Performance Test

Bacillus cereus causes serious central nervous system infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. Successful treatment requires adequate antimicrobial concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid; however, in some cases, achieving this with systemic treatment alone is difficult. We treated intractable B. cereus ventriculitis with intraventricular vancomycin, with no major adverse events.
Bacillus cereus ; Bacillus ; Central Nervous System Infections ; Cerebral Ventriculitis ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Immunocompromised Host ; Injections, Intraventricular ; Pharmacokinetics ; Vancomycin