1.Thoracic Duct Embolization for Chyle Leakage after Thyroid Surgery
Inhwa LEE ; Hyeung Kyoo KIM ; Jeonghun LEE ; Euy Young SOH ; Jinoo KIM
International Journal of Thyroidology 2020;13(1):47-50
Chyle leakage (CL) due to lymphatic injuries is one of the rare complications that can develop after thyroidectomy. There are few studies on lymphatic embolization performed in case of CL after thyroid surgery. We report two cases of CL after thyroid surgery that were effectively treated by thoracic duct embolization. The patients had previously undergone total thyroidectomy with central compartment neck dissection with or without modified radical neck dissection. The amount of drainage from the operative site was >1000 mL per day in one patient and >500 mL per day in the other. In both cases, CL stopped after the thoracic duct embolization. Thoracic duct embolization seems to be an effective and important treatment option for CL after thyroid surgery.
2.Salmonella Promotes ASC Oligomerization-dependent Caspase-1 Activation.
Inhwa HWANG ; Sangjun PARK ; Sujeong HONG ; Eun Hee KIM ; Je Wook YU
Immune Network 2012;12(6):284-290
Innate immune cells sense and respond to the cytoplasmic infection of bacterial pathogens through NLRP3, NLRC4 or AIM2 inflammasome depending on the unique molecular pattern of invading pathogens. The infection of flagellin- or type III secretion system (T3SS)-containing Gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) triggers NLRC4-dependent caspase-1 activation leading to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1-beta (IL-1beta) and IL-18. Previous studies have shown that apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) is also required for Salmonella-induced caspase-1 activation, but it is still unclear how ASC contributes to the activation of NLRC4 inflammasome in response to S. typhimurium infection. In this study, we demonstrate that S. typhimurium triggers the formation of ASC oligomer in a potassium depletion-independent manner as determined by in vitro crosslinking and in situ fluorescence imaging. Remarkably, inhibition of potassium efflux failed to block Salmonella-promoted caspase-1 activation and macrophage cell death. These results collectively suggest that ASC is substantially oligomerized to facilitate the activation of caspase-1 in response to S. typhimurium infection. Contrary to NLRP3 inflammasome, intracellular potassium depletion is not critical for NLRC4 inflammasome signaling by S. typhimurium.
Cell Death
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Cytokines
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Cytoplasm
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Gram-Negative Bacteria
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Interleukin-18
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Macrophages
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Optical Imaging
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Potassium
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Salmonella
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Salmonella enterica
3.The Cause of Cervical Lymph Node Recurrence after the Initial Surgery of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Hyeung Kyoo KIM ; Eun Ju HA ; Inhwa LEE ; Jeonghun LEE ; Euy Young SOH
Korean Journal of Head and Neck Oncology 2019;35(2):11-17
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has generally an indolent character with a good prognosis. However, recurrence remains a major concern for the patients during their lifetime. Despite the slowly progressing character of PTC, recurrence can occur within a short period after initial surgery.This study aimed to determine the clinical findings and cause of recurrence in patients who underwent re-operative surgery due to neck node recurrence by reviewing the CT (computed tomographic) scan imaging of the recurrence of PTC retrospectively.MATERIALS #SPCHAR_X0026; METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of patients referred to Ajou University Hospital from January 2002 to January 2018. All patients had re-operative surgery due to neck node recurrence and CT scan results of preoperative evaluation and postoperative follow up. Over this period, 110 patients who underwent re-operation due to neck node recurrence with a CT scan were included in our cohort, resulting in a total of 220 re-operations.RESULTS: The time from initial operation to first re-operation was examined in 110 patients. The median time to re-operation was 28 months, with a range of 4 months to 186 months. Most re-operations (82.7%) occurred within the first five years, 43.6% were in the first two years from the initial surgery. The result of the retrospective CT review showed newly developed cases (21,19.1%), missed diagnosis cases (42,38.2%), real recur cases after surgery (33,30.0%), and remnant lymph nodes (LNs) cases (14,12.7%). We further sub-analyzed 14 cases with remnant LNs. Reasons for remnant LNs included insufficient operation (N=5) and beyond general surgical extent. (N=9).CONCLUSION: Re-operation due to cervical lymph node recurrence is mostly a persistent disease. They included a missed diagnosis and incomplete operation. These finding may reduce the reoperation of cervical lymph node recurrence by accurate preoperative evaluation and complete surgical resection at the initial surgery.
Cohort Studies
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Diagnosis
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Follow-Up Studies
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Humans
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Lymph Nodes
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Medical Records
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Neck
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Prognosis
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Recurrence
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Reoperation
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Retrospective Studies
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Thyroid Gland
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Thyroid Neoplasms
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Tomography, X-Ray Computed
4.LRRK2 phosphorylates Snapin and inhibits interaction of Snapin with SNAP-25.
Hye Jin YUN ; Joohyun PARK ; Dong Hwan HO ; Heyjung KIM ; Cy Hyun KIM ; Hakjin OH ; Inhwa GA ; Hyemyung SEO ; Sunghoe CHANG ; Ilhong SON ; Wongi SEOL
Experimental & Molecular Medicine 2013;45(8):e36-
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a gene that, upon mutation, causes autosomal-dominant familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Yeast two-hybrid screening revealed that Snapin, a SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protein-25) interacting protein, interacts with LRRK2. An in vitro kinase assay exhibited that Snapin is phosphorylated by LRRK2. A glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay showed that LRRK2 may interact with Snapin via its Ras-of-complex (ROC) and N-terminal domains, with no significant difference on interaction of Snapin with LRRK2 wild type (WT) or its pathogenic mutants. Further analysis by mutation study revealed that Threonine 117 of Snapin is one of the sites phosphorylated by LRRK2. Furthermore, a Snapin T117D phosphomimetic mutant decreased its interaction with SNAP-25 in the GST pull-down assay. SNAP-25 is a component of the SNARE (Soluble NSF Attachment protein REceptor) complex and is critical for the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. Incubation of rat brain lysate with recombinant Snapin T117D, but not WT, protein caused decreased interaction of synaptotagmin with the SNARE complex based on a co-immunoprecipitation assay. We further found that LRRK2-dependent phosphorylation of Snapin in the hippocampal neurons resulted in a decrease in the number of readily releasable vesicles and the extent of exocytotic release. Combined, these data suggest that LRRK2 may regulate neurotransmitter release via control of Snapin function by inhibitory phosphorylation.
Amino Acid Sequence
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Animals
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Exocytosis
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Female
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HEK293 Cells
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Humans
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Mice
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Molecular Sequence Data
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Mutant Proteins/metabolism
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Phosphorylation
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Phosphothreonine/metabolism
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Protein Binding
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Protein Interaction Mapping
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Protein Structure, Tertiary
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Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism
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Qa-SNARE Proteins/metabolism
;
Rats
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Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25/*metabolism
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Synaptotagmins/metabolism
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Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2/metabolism
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Vesicular Transport Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism
5.Cobalt Chloride-induced Hypoxia Ameliorates NLRP3-Mediated Caspase-1 Activation in Mixed Glial Cultures.
Eun Hee KIM ; Ji Hee WON ; Inhwa HWANG ; Je Wook YU
Immune Network 2013;13(4):141-147
Hypoxia has been shown to promote inflammation, including the release of proinflammatory cytokines, but it is poorly investigated how hypoxia directly affects inflammasome signaling pathways. To explore whether hypoxic stress modulates inflammasome activity, we examined the effect of cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced hypoxia on caspase-1 activation in primary mixed glial cultures of the neonatal mouse brain. Unexpectedly, hypoxia induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation or CoCl2 treatment failed to activate caspase-1 in microglial BV-2 cells and primary mixed glial cultures. Of particular interest, CoCl2-induced hypoxic condition considerably inhibited NLRP3-dependent caspase-1 activation in mixed glial cells, but not in bone marrow-derived macrophages. CoCl2-mediated inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activity was also observed in the isolated brain microglial cells, but CoCl2 did not affect poly dA:dT-triggered AIM2 inflammasome activity in mixed glial cells. Our results collectively demonstrate that CoCl2-induced hypoxia may negatively regulate NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in brain glial cells, but its physiological significance remains to be determined.
Animals
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Anoxia
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Brain
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Cobalt
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Cytokines
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Inflammation
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Macrophages
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Mice
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Neuroglia
6.User Experience of Augmented Reality Glasses-based Tele-Exercise in Elderly Women
Inhwa YOO ; Hyoun-Joong KONG ; Hyunjin JOO ; Yeonjin CHOI ; Suk Wha KIM ; Kyu Eun LEE ; Jeeyoung HONG
Healthcare Informatics Research 2023;29(2):161-167
Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to identify any difference in user experience between tablet- and augmented reality (AR) glasses-based tele-exercise programs in elderly women.
Methods:
Participants in the AR group (n = 14) connected Nreal glasses with smartphones to display a pre-recorded exercise program, while each member of the tablet group (n = 13) participated in the same exercise program using an all-in-one personal computer. The program included sitting or standing on a chair, bare-handed calisthenics, and muscle strengthening using an elastic band. The exercise movements were presented first for the upper and then the lower extremities, and the total exercise time was 40 minutes (5 minutes of warm-up exercises, 30 minutes of main exercises, and 5 minutes of cool-down exercises). To evaluate the user experience, a questionnaire consisting of a 7-point Likert scale was used as a measurement tool. In addition, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to assess differences between the two groups.
Results:
Of the six user experience scales, attractiveness (p = 0.114), stimulation (p = 0.534), and novelty (p = 0.916) did not differ significantly between the groups. However, efficiency (p = 0.006), perspicuity (p = 0.008), and dependability (p = 0.049) did vary significantly between groups.
Conclusions
When developing an AR glasses-based exercise program for the elderly, the efficiency, clarity, and stability of the program must be considered to meet the participants’ needs.
7.Constitutional Chromosome 21 Abnormality in B-ALL with iAMP21 in a Patient Developing Treatment-Related Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Inhwa KIM ; Su Hyun YOON ; Sunghan KANG ; Kyung-Nam KOH ; Mi Young KIM ; Young-Uk CHO ; Sang-Hyun HWANG ; Seongsoo JANG ; Eul-Ju SEO ; Beom Hee LEE ; Sunghee MIN ; Hyunwoo BAE ; Ho Joon IM ; Hyery KIM
Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology 2025;32(1):23-28
The initial molecular cytogenetic characteristics of blasts plays a significant role in determining the treatment course of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL).B-ALL with intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) has been well known to have unfavorable prognosis. Also, there are previously recognized germline mutations that increase the risk of ALL, such as trisomy 21, Down syndrome. This case report is about a 16-year-old girl who presented with lymphadenitis, purpura, and fever followed by initial lab of elevated white blood cell with blasts.She had some notable facial features, but no typical Down syndrome related one.Bone marrow biopsy and fluorescence in situ hybridization finalized the diagnosis as B-ALL with iAMP21, high-risk group. The minimal residual disease-negative complete remission was achieved after the induction chemotherapy with Korean multicenter high-risk protocol. However, abnormal karyotype was sustained in bone marrow. Microarrays with her buccal swab raised the possibility that the abnormal karyotype was not from the leukemic blasts but rather from the germline. Although she underwent scheduled chemotherapy uneventfully as slow early responder type, thrombocytopenia and abnormal karyotype persisted, leading to the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. Additional chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation was performed which resulted in engraftment. This case highlights the discovery of a constitutional genetic aberration, which played like a silent yet critical background factor for B-ALL with iAMP21. As the number of reported cases are limited, the role of germline chromosome 21 mutation as the indicator for prognosis of B-ALL should be studied further.
8.Constitutional Chromosome 21 Abnormality in B-ALL with iAMP21 in a Patient Developing Treatment-Related Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Inhwa KIM ; Su Hyun YOON ; Sunghan KANG ; Kyung-Nam KOH ; Mi Young KIM ; Young-Uk CHO ; Sang-Hyun HWANG ; Seongsoo JANG ; Eul-Ju SEO ; Beom Hee LEE ; Sunghee MIN ; Hyunwoo BAE ; Ho Joon IM ; Hyery KIM
Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology 2025;32(1):23-28
The initial molecular cytogenetic characteristics of blasts plays a significant role in determining the treatment course of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL).B-ALL with intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) has been well known to have unfavorable prognosis. Also, there are previously recognized germline mutations that increase the risk of ALL, such as trisomy 21, Down syndrome. This case report is about a 16-year-old girl who presented with lymphadenitis, purpura, and fever followed by initial lab of elevated white blood cell with blasts.She had some notable facial features, but no typical Down syndrome related one.Bone marrow biopsy and fluorescence in situ hybridization finalized the diagnosis as B-ALL with iAMP21, high-risk group. The minimal residual disease-negative complete remission was achieved after the induction chemotherapy with Korean multicenter high-risk protocol. However, abnormal karyotype was sustained in bone marrow. Microarrays with her buccal swab raised the possibility that the abnormal karyotype was not from the leukemic blasts but rather from the germline. Although she underwent scheduled chemotherapy uneventfully as slow early responder type, thrombocytopenia and abnormal karyotype persisted, leading to the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. Additional chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation was performed which resulted in engraftment. This case highlights the discovery of a constitutional genetic aberration, which played like a silent yet critical background factor for B-ALL with iAMP21. As the number of reported cases are limited, the role of germline chromosome 21 mutation as the indicator for prognosis of B-ALL should be studied further.
9.Constitutional Chromosome 21 Abnormality in B-ALL with iAMP21 in a Patient Developing Treatment-Related Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Inhwa KIM ; Su Hyun YOON ; Sunghan KANG ; Kyung-Nam KOH ; Mi Young KIM ; Young-Uk CHO ; Sang-Hyun HWANG ; Seongsoo JANG ; Eul-Ju SEO ; Beom Hee LEE ; Sunghee MIN ; Hyunwoo BAE ; Ho Joon IM ; Hyery KIM
Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology 2025;32(1):23-28
The initial molecular cytogenetic characteristics of blasts plays a significant role in determining the treatment course of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL).B-ALL with intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) has been well known to have unfavorable prognosis. Also, there are previously recognized germline mutations that increase the risk of ALL, such as trisomy 21, Down syndrome. This case report is about a 16-year-old girl who presented with lymphadenitis, purpura, and fever followed by initial lab of elevated white blood cell with blasts.She had some notable facial features, but no typical Down syndrome related one.Bone marrow biopsy and fluorescence in situ hybridization finalized the diagnosis as B-ALL with iAMP21, high-risk group. The minimal residual disease-negative complete remission was achieved after the induction chemotherapy with Korean multicenter high-risk protocol. However, abnormal karyotype was sustained in bone marrow. Microarrays with her buccal swab raised the possibility that the abnormal karyotype was not from the leukemic blasts but rather from the germline. Although she underwent scheduled chemotherapy uneventfully as slow early responder type, thrombocytopenia and abnormal karyotype persisted, leading to the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. Additional chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation was performed which resulted in engraftment. This case highlights the discovery of a constitutional genetic aberration, which played like a silent yet critical background factor for B-ALL with iAMP21. As the number of reported cases are limited, the role of germline chromosome 21 mutation as the indicator for prognosis of B-ALL should be studied further.
10.Constitutional Chromosome 21 Abnormality in B-ALL with iAMP21 in a Patient Developing Treatment-Related Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Inhwa KIM ; Su Hyun YOON ; Sunghan KANG ; Kyung-Nam KOH ; Mi Young KIM ; Young-Uk CHO ; Sang-Hyun HWANG ; Seongsoo JANG ; Eul-Ju SEO ; Beom Hee LEE ; Sunghee MIN ; Hyunwoo BAE ; Ho Joon IM ; Hyery KIM
Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology 2025;32(1):23-28
The initial molecular cytogenetic characteristics of blasts plays a significant role in determining the treatment course of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL).B-ALL with intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) has been well known to have unfavorable prognosis. Also, there are previously recognized germline mutations that increase the risk of ALL, such as trisomy 21, Down syndrome. This case report is about a 16-year-old girl who presented with lymphadenitis, purpura, and fever followed by initial lab of elevated white blood cell with blasts.She had some notable facial features, but no typical Down syndrome related one.Bone marrow biopsy and fluorescence in situ hybridization finalized the diagnosis as B-ALL with iAMP21, high-risk group. The minimal residual disease-negative complete remission was achieved after the induction chemotherapy with Korean multicenter high-risk protocol. However, abnormal karyotype was sustained in bone marrow. Microarrays with her buccal swab raised the possibility that the abnormal karyotype was not from the leukemic blasts but rather from the germline. Although she underwent scheduled chemotherapy uneventfully as slow early responder type, thrombocytopenia and abnormal karyotype persisted, leading to the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. Additional chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation was performed which resulted in engraftment. This case highlights the discovery of a constitutional genetic aberration, which played like a silent yet critical background factor for B-ALL with iAMP21. As the number of reported cases are limited, the role of germline chromosome 21 mutation as the indicator for prognosis of B-ALL should be studied further.