Cavernous lymphangiomas, characterized by the cystic enlargement of lymphatic vessels in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, are rarely reported in the scalp. We present the case of a 6-month-old male infant with occipital scalp swelling, whose ultrasonographic examination identified a multiseptated hypoechoic mass in the subcutaneous layer. Histologically, the tumor exhibited irregular, dilated spaces lined with a single layer of endothelial cells, showing D2-40 positivity. This represents a rare case of pediatric cavernous lymphangioma of the scalp, accompanied by a literature review.

Cavernous lymphangiomas, characterized by the cystic enlargement of lymphatic vessels in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, are rarely reported in the scalp. We present the case of a 6-month-old male infant with occipital scalp swelling, whose ultrasonographic examination identified a multiseptated hypoechoic mass in the subcutaneous layer. Histologically, the tumor exhibited irregular, dilated spaces lined with a single layer of endothelial cells, showing D2-40 positivity. This represents a rare case of pediatric cavernous lymphangioma of the scalp, accompanied by a literature review.

Purpose: To examine the factors impacting cone contrast sensitivity in Koreans aged > 60 years who are scheduled for cataract surgery and do not have congenital color vision deficiencies. Methods: The ColorDx Cone contrast test HD® (CCT-HD; Konan Medical, Inc., CA, USA) was administered to 33 Korean individuals (33 eyes) to evaluate CCT scores before and after cataract surgery, as well as changes in CCT scores according to the degree of progression by cataract type. Correlations between CCT scores and age, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), regional retinal thickness, and length of the photoreceptor outer segment (PROS) at the fovea were analyzed in pseudophakic eyes. Results: Average scores for short-, medium-, and long-wavelength cone contrast sensitivity tests (S-CCT, M-CCT, and L-CCT, respectively) improved after surgery (p = 0.010, p = 0.001, and p = 0.028, respectively). Comparing CCT score changes before and after surgery by cataract progression, higher cataract grades were associated with greater CCT score changes, though the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In pseudophakic eyes, S-CCT scores negatively correlated with age (p = 0.017). No significant correlations were found between S-CCT, M-CCT, and L-CCT scores and BCVA, whereas S-CCT, M-CCT, and L-CCT scores positively correlated with PROS at the fovea (p < 0.001). Conclusions Cone contrast sensitivity in individuals aged > 60 years is influenced by age and cataract status and may serve as a valuable indicator of visual function in clinical research.

Purpose: To analyze prognostic factors for morphological and functional recovery after vitrectomy in patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM). Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with ERM who underwent vitrectomy. Postoperative outcomes were evaluated in terms of functional and morphological changes, assessing best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) after 6 months. Logistic regression was used to identify factors influencing postoperative outcomes. Results: This study included 77 patients (35.1% men). Thirty-eight patients underwent combined vitrectomy and cataract surgery. Logistic regression revealed that better preoperative BCVA was associated with improved postoperative BCVA (p = 0.002). Among the 38 eyes that underwent combined surgery, longer preoperative axial length was linked to better visual outcomes in univariate analysis (p = 0.043), although the association was not statistically significant in multivariate analysis (p = 0.064). Younger age and thinner preoperative CMT were associated with better morphological outcomes (p = 0.034 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions Preoperative BCVA, age, preoperative CMT, and axial length are predictive factors for functional and morphological outcomes after vitrectomy in patients with ERM. These findings may facilitate treatment planning and prognosis prediction before surgery.

Primary breast lymphoma is a rare malignant breast tumor, accounting for <1% of all breast cancers. Among them, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common histologic subtype.However, primary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is less common and more indolent than diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and primary MALT lymphoma of the breast is extremely rare. We report a case of bilateral breast cancer in a 62-year-old woman with primary MALT lymphoma in right braest and contralateral invasive breast cancer in left breast. The patient presented with a palpable right breast lump, which appeared as a noncalcified mass on mammography and an indistinct irregular hypoechoic mass with internal vascularity on breast ultrasonography. The mass was pathologically confirmed by excisional biopsy as primary MALT lymphoma. The patient underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced breast MRI, which additionally detected a small suspicious mass in the left breast. This was a clinically and mammographically occult breast cancer diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma.

We updated the Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology (KSGO) practice guideline for the management of ovarian cancer as version 5.1. The ovarian cancer guideline team of the KSGO published announced the fifth version (version 5.0) of its clinical practice guidelines for the management of ovarian cancer in December 2023. In version 5.0, the selection of the key questions and the systematic reviews were based on the data available up to December 2022.Therefore, we updated the guidelines version 5.0 with newly accumulated clinical data and added 5 new key questions reflecting the latest insights in the field of ovarian cancer between 2023 and 2024. For each question, recommendation was provided together with corresponding level of evidence and grade of recommendation, all established through expert consensus.

This review examines the challenges associated with occupational disease surveillance in Korea, particularly emphasizing the limitations of current data sources such as the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (IACI) statistics and special health examinations. The IACI system undercounts cases due to its emphasis on severe diseases and restrictions on approvals. Special health examinations, although they cover a broad workforce, are constrained by their annual scheduling, which leads to missed acute illnesses and subclinical conditions. The paper also explores the history of occupational disease surveillance in Korea, highlighting the fragmented and disease-specific approach of earlier systems. The authors introduce the newly established Korea Occupational Disease Surveillance Center (KODSC), a comprehensive nationwide system designed to gather, analyze, and interpret data on occupational diseases through a network of regional centers. By incorporating hospital-based surveillance and focusing on acute poisonings and other sentinel events, the KODSC aims to overcome the limitations of previous systems and promote collaboration with various agencies. Although it is still in the early stages of implementation, the KODSC demonstrates potential for improving data accuracy and contributing valuable insights for public health policy.

Purpose: This study examined the diet quality and its relationship with risk factors for diabetes complications and the related markers in Korean adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: This study analyzed 1,774 adults aged 31–79 years with T2D who participated in the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The diet quality was examined by the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI), and the dependent variables were the risk factors for diabetes complications (overweight/obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension) and related markers (HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose [FPG], triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C], systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure). The data were analyzed using SPSS v. 29.0. Results: The total KHEI scores were Q1 45.80, Q2 58.98, Q3 67.91, and Q4 77.90 in men and Q1 48.96, Q2 60.79, Q3 69.62, and Q4 80.34 in women. The odds ratio [OR]s of the adverse level HDL-C were significant for men in KHEI Q1 (OR, 1.844; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.115–3.052), Q2 (OR, 1.777; 95% CI, 1.085–2.911), and Q3 (OR, 1.982; 95% CI, 1.220–3.220) compared to those in Q4. The KHEI ‘have breakfast’ score was inversely and significantly associated with the adverse level FPG in men (OR, 0.942; 95% CI, 0.891–0.996) and women (OR, 0.935; 95% CI, 0.883–0.990). The ORs of dyslipidemia were significant for men in KHEI Q2 (OR,2.026; 95% CI, 1.179–3.483) and Q3 (OR, 1.817; 95% CI, 1.062–3.110) compared to those in Q4. Conclusion A good diet quality can help with the proper control of HDL-C in men with T2D, and having breakfast can help control the FPG level in people with T2D.

Purpose: This network meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the relative efficacy of systemic treatments in patients with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (R/R CLL), focusing on key genetic mutations, specifically the 17p deletion and TP53 mutations. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review to identify all publicly available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane database, and meeting abstracts published through December 2023.A Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) for progression-free survival (PFS) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and to determine the ranking of the included regimens. Results: Twelve trials involving 4,437 patients and 13 treatment options were included in the meta-analysis. Venetoclax plus rituximab and zanubrutinib emerged as the most effective treatments for the overall R/R CLL population, showing the lowest PFS HR (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.32–1.20 and HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.49–0.86, respectively) versus ibrutinib, and were ranked as the best agent (surface under the cumulative ranking curve [SUCRA] value of both 90%, respectively) among the included drugs. In the 17p deletion/TP53 mutation subgroup, zanubrutinib demonstrated the most favorable efficacy (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.31–0.88 versus ibrutinib) with the highest SUCRA value (97%). In patients without these mutations, venetoclax plus rituximab was the most effective (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.26–0.94 versus ibrutinib) with a SUCRA value of 94%. Conclusion Our findings highlight the superior efficacy of venetoclax plus rituximab and zanubrutinib for treating R/R CLL and confirm that the role of each regimen may vary depending on the clinically significant mutations.