Accurate and reliable administration of intravenous infusion is necessary for a variety of different therapies including constant heparin, parenteral nutrition, cardiotonic and vasoactive mediciation and chemotherapy. For these purposes, drop counting is a common practice and a convenient way to measure the flow rate and the dose rate, but it is an unreliable and unexact method because the intravenous infusion sets from various manufacturers deliver different-sized drops depending on the rate of formation of the drops, properties of the particular fluid and physical characteristics of the intravenous infusion sets. This study evaluated the actual drop factor (DF) of a variety of intravenous infusion sets (10 IV Sets : 5 marked and 5 unmarked DF) at a low flow rate setting (20 ml/hr for pediatric and 40 ml/hr for adult) using a peristaltic fluid pump and distilled water, The measured Df is obtained by dividing the collected fluid volume per hour (ml/hr) by the number of drops per minute (drops/min) on the peristaltic fluid pump setting. The results ware as follows : 1) The actual DF values of the marked lV sets were 2 sets (DF= 1) 0.91 +/-0.04 and 0.97+/-0.03,2 sets (DF=3) 3.04+/-0.08 and 3.14+/-0.04 and 1 set (DF=4) 3.00+/-0.05. 2) The actual DF values of 5 lV sets with an unmarked DF ranged from 3.04+/-0.05 and 4.80+/-0.06. 3) The percent deviation of the actual DF values from the theoretical values of DF= 1,3,4 and the unmarked DF sets were -6.5+/-3.0, 3.0+/-1.6, -24.1 and 0.7+/-15.7 (-23.6~20.1)% respectively. 4) Among the physical factors influencing flow rate the size of the inlet orifice size of the intra-venous infusion s('t was a major one. 5) The majority of intravenous infusion sets from various manufacturers in the ROK are unmarked with respect to DF or drops perml.
Bays ; Drug Therapy ; Heparin ; Infusion Pumps* ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Parenteral Nutrition ; Water

This paper describes the principle of detector for pulse and fill-liquid in one body, which is used to detect the body pulse and the number of liquid-drop within one minute when filling liquid. The detector works exactly and rapidly. It makes doctors and nurses disentangle from the annoyed daily grinds.
Equipment Design ; Infusions, Parenteral ; instrumentation ; Pulse ; Rheology

BACKGROUND: Many pathophysiological derangements associated with Vibrio vulnificus sepsis result from the release of toxins and enzymes into the circulation. Its effects are mediated via complex interaction of many endogenous inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, bradykinin, histamine, and nitric oxide. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of antinflammatory agents (antiTNF-a, antihistamine, steroid, antibradykinin, and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) on the lethal effect of toxemia evoked by Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin. METHODS: The study consisted of 4 groups of mice. Control mice received a bolus intravenous infusion of cytolysin or anti-inflammatory modalities. Drug administration was designed in accordance with the time of cytokine release(TNF-a, IL-6,8) and scored for survival rate at 72 hours after last infusion. Group I mice(early treatment group) received intraperitoneal infusions of each anti-inflammatory modalities at 1 hour after cytolysin infusion. Group II mice(delayed treatment group) received each anti-inflammatory agent treatment at 2, 4, 12 hours after the cytolysin infusion. Group III(early combined treatment group) received intraperitoneal infusions of combined anti-inflamrnatory agents at 1 hour after cytolysin infusion. Group IV(delayed combined treatment. group) received combined anti-inflammatory agents at 2, 4, 12 hours after cytolysin infusion. Autopsies were performed in dead mice after cytolysin infusion for gross and microscopic studies. RESULTS: In the control group, all mice infused with cytolysin died and all mice treated with antiinflammatory agents survived. Survival rate of group I showed 75% in aprotinin, 88% in prednisolone, 75% in N-methyl-L-arginine, 88% in pentoxifylline, 100% in hydroxyzine HC1. Group II showed 40%, 40%, 60 %, 60%, 80% in order of the agents, respectively, Mean survival rate of each agents showed 85 % in group I and 56% in group II. Results of treatment revealed 100% survival in group III and 80% in group IV. In evaluation of effectiveness of therapeutic modalities, all died in the no therapeutic group and a 76.9% survaal rate in the therapeutic group was noted. The gross and microscopic finding showed similar findings to sepsis. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that inhibitors of endogenous inflammatory mediators may improve the survival rate in th treatment of septic shock caused by Vibrio vulnificus and ot,her grarn negative bacilli. Also this study support the proposal that early treatment in V, vulnificus septicemia is essential for reduced mortality.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Aprotinin ; Autopsy ; Bradykinin ; Histamine ; Hydroxyzine ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Infusions, Parenteral ; Mice ; Mortality ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Pentoxifylline ; Perforin* ; Prednisolone ; Sepsis ; Shock, Septic ; Survival Rate ; Toxemia* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Vibrio vulnificus* ; Vibrio*

The usefulness of totally implantable central venous port for long-term intravenous infusion is widely accepted in children. Usually the catheters are placed through the internal or external jugular vein. In case of jugular vein cut-down, two separate incisions are needed for catheter and port respectively. Patients also feel uncomfortable as the catheter run through the neck. However these disadvantages can be overcome by using the cephalic vein (CV). We reviewed our experiences on CV cut-down for totally implantable central venous port in children. From January 2002 to December 2006, 201 patients (M:F=127:74) underwent 218 central venous port insertions. Mean age at operation was 5.9 years (2 months - 19 years). Indications included chemotherapy (N=167), long-term intravenous antibiotics infusion (N=36), and total parenteral nutrition (N=15). CV was selected preferentially. The incision includes the deltopectoral triangle laterally, and both the CV cut-down and port insertion were achieved with a single incision. The number of insertion through external, internal jugular vein, and CV was 77, 66 and 75, respectively. The median age, height and body weight were higher in CV cut-down group. The youngest age for CV cut-down was 8 months, the shortest height was 69 cm and the smallest body weight was 5.9 kg. Of 118 trials of CV cut-down, cut-down was successful in 75 cases (63.6 %). CV was absent in 10 cases(8.4 %) and CV was sacrificed after catheter tip malposition in 10 cases (8.4 %). There was only one complication, in which the catheter was inserted into the minute branch of subclavian artery. The CV cut-down method for totally implantable central venous port was safe and feasible in selected groups of patients in children. In addition, preservation of jugular vein and a more favorable cosmetic effect are other benefits of CV cut-down.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Body Weight ; Catheterization, Central Venous ; Catheters ; Child ; Cosmetics ; Humans ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Jugular Veins ; Neck ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total ; Subclavian Artery ; Veins ; Venous Cutdown

OBJECTIVETo compare activation and concentration of insulin, and blood glucose control in patients between insulin added into "all in one" bags and syringes at parenteral nutrition (PN).

METHODSFrom April 2006 to August 2006, 20 consecutive patients after gastrointestinal operations were recruited and randomized to instillation group and pump group. In instillation group, the insulin was directly added into PN and transfused. In pump group, the insulin was added into syringes and transfused by infusion pump. Activation and concentration of insulin, and blood glucose in patients were measured at beginning infusion, infused 1000 ml, infused 2000 ml, and remained 100 ml daily for the first 3 days after operation.

RESULTSThere was a tendency of decrease for the activation and concentration of insulin in both groups with the time. There was no significant difference of activation of insulin between the two groups (P = 0.347). There were no significant differences of blood glucoses between the two groups, and between the four time points in each groups (P > 0.05). There were no complications association with blood glucoses in the two groups.

CONCLUSIONSBoth of activation and concentration of insulin at PN decreased gradually and slightly with the time no matter the ways of insulin infusion. Activation of insulin and blood glucoses in patients are no significant differences between the two groups. Insulin can be safely added into "all in one" bags at PN.

Aged ; Blood Glucose ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; administration & dosage ; blood ; Infusions, Intravenous ; methods ; Insulin ; administration & dosage ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Parenteral Nutrition

AIMTo investigate the excretion of beta-elemene from the respiratory tracts in male Spraque-Dawley rats.

METHODSAfter a single administration of beta-elemene to rats at the dosage of 75 mg x kg(-1) (i.v. or i.p.), the exhaled gases were collected and concentrated at various time points. The residues were analyzed by gas chromatography.

RESULTSA minor amount of unchanged beta-elemene was excreted via rat respiratory tracts after iv and ip administration of a single dose. The cumulative excretion were 1.41% and 0.51% respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe results demonstrated that unchanged beta-elemene excretes from rat respiratory tracts, but may not be the main elimination pathway in rats.

Animals ; Chromatography, Gas ; Curcuma ; chemistry ; Infusions, Parenteral ; Injections, Intravenous ; Male ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Respiratory System ; metabolism ; Sesquiterpenes ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; pharmacokinetics

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the incidence of intravenous extravasation and the risk factors associated with the use of peripheral intravenous catheters in adults.METHOD: This prospective observational study included 203 adult patients admitted to the general ward who received non-chemotherapy vesicant drug infusion treatments. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentage, means, standard deviations, and odds ratios (ORs) from multiple logistic regressions.RESULTS: The incidence of extravasation was 43.3%. Risk factors for intravenous extravasation included continuous injections (OR=5.35, 95% CI [1.38, 20.83]), and parenteral nutrition (OR=3.53, 95% CI [1.43, 8.73]).CONCLUSION: The present findings revealed that gastrointernal medicine problems, continuous injection, and parenteral nutrition were related to intravenous extravasation. Further research is necessary to reduce the incidence of extravasation related to peripheral intravenous catheterization in adults, and to prevent secondary complications. Finally, patients should be provided appropriate and continuous care based on the type of intravenous infusion.
Adult ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Irritants ; Logistic Models ; Methods ; Observational Study ; Odds Ratio ; Parenteral Nutrition ; Patients' Rooms ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Veins

The free care smart infusion system which has the function of liquid end alarm and automatic stopping has been designed. In addition, the system can send the alarm to the health care staff by Zigbee wireless network. Besides, the database of infusion information has been set up, it can be used for inquiry afterwards.
Artificial Intelligence ; Equipment Design ; Infusions, Parenteral ; instrumentation ; Wireless Technology

OBJECTIVEAnalyzing the performance of microbial barrier of needleless positive pressure closed connectors.

METHODSThree kinds of brand needleless positive pressure closed connectors were chosen to do the access of microorganisms test.

RESULTSPositive results were detected in the three experimental groups.

CONCLUSIONSSo far, lots of the connectors are not qualified strictly on the market, some improvement is required in the structure design and process.

Equipment Contamination ; prevention & control ; Infusions, Parenteral ; instrumentation ; methods

BACKGROUNDA number of reports based on both animal experiments and clinical investigations have pointed out that total parenteral nutrition (TPN) suppresses the function of the exocrine pancreas. Even though pancreatic hypotrophy and dysfunction resulting from TPN may be explained by several mechanisms, the clinically most important cause is that nutrients in circulation affect pancreatic secretion. The effect of nutrients on the exocrine pancreas is still controversial. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to clarify the influence of intravenous amino acids and hypertonic glucose in TPN solution on the exocrine pancreas.

METHODSThree mixed TPN solutions, consisting of 30% or 50% glucose or of 14% amino acids, were employed. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, six rats in each group, including a control group and one group receiving each of the three TPN solutions. All animals were killed after 10 days of TPN. Body weight, pancreatic content, and enzyme levels in the pancreas were measured.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, pancreatic wet weight was lower in all TPN groups. Glucose significantly decreased the content and concentration of pancreatic protein, but amino acids did not alter the concentration of protein. The level of amylase was lower in all parenterally fed groups, with a greater decrease in the groups treated with amino acids and 30% glucose than with 50% glucose. Trypsin levels in all groups receiving TPN were markedly higher than in the control group.

CONCLUSIONTPN results in atrophy of the pancreas, but trypsin levels increase with TPN treatment. Glucose elevates the amylase level in the pancreas, while amino acids suppress pancreatic amylase. Amino acids used as a source of protein maintain normal pancreatic protein levels.

Amino Acids ; administration & dosage ; Amylases ; analysis ; Animals ; Body Water ; metabolism ; Body Weight ; Glucose ; administration & dosage ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Male ; Organ Size ; Pancreas, Exocrine ; metabolism ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total ; Proteins ; analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Trypsin ; analysis