No abstract available.
Infusions, Intraosseous* ; Resuscitation* ; Shock, Hemorrhagic*

PURPOSE: Gaining vascular access is difficult and time-consuming in critically ill children, so nowdays, in many countries, intraosseous vascular access is frequently used for rapid vascular access in critically ill children. Its pharmacokinetics is close to that of the peripheral intravenous route, but its infusion flow rate is faster. The purpose of this study was to determine how widely the intraosseous infusion technique was being used in Korean emergency departments. METHODS: We telephoned forty-two (42) randomly selected university-affiliated hospitals. We asked physicians if they use the intraosseous infusion technique. Responders were emergency and pediatric residents and emergency faculty. If they responded that they were not using the intraosseous infusion technique, we asked the reason. Also, we asked about their experiences with the intraosseous infusion technique. RESULTS: Forty-two (42) hospitals were enrolled in this study. No hospital used the intraosseous infusion technique on a regular basis. However, 8 hospitals used the intraosseous infusion technique occasionally. None of the responders had experience with the intraosseous infusion technique. CONCLUSION: The intraosseous infusion technique is currently underrepresented at emergency departments in Korea.
Child ; Critical Illness ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Humans ; Infusions, Intraosseous* ; Korea* ; Pharmacokinetics

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the educational effects of intraosseous (IO) vascular access for medical students and analyze the possibility of including IO access in medical education. METHODS: A before-and-after study was conducted in a course with 50 participating medical students. The course comprised a 1-hour didactic lecture and a 1-hour hands-on session with a battery-operated EZ-IO device (Vidacare Corp.) and artificial tibia. After the course, the participant skills were tested (final success rate, mean procedural time, and detailed skills) with regard to IO access. Before and after the course, the knowledge, possibility of clinical use, and adequacy of medical education on IO access were examined in a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The final success rate of insertion was 88% (n=44), and the mean procedural time for the first trial was 78.1+/-20.6 seconds. "Combination needle with drill" and "proper angle during insertion" were the procedures that were performed the best, and "dressing on insertion site" was the worst-performed procedure. "Proper location of landmarks" was the only significant skill factor that was related to the success of IO access between those who succeeded and failed (p<0.05). In the analysis of the structured questionnaire, median knowledge score, possibility for clinical use, and adequacy of IO access in medical education increased significantly after the course (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The educational effect of IO access for medical students was tremendous, and the knowledge of and attitude toward IO access improved significantly after the training course. We consider IO access to be adequate for medical education in Korea.
Education ; Education, Medical ; Humans ; Infusions, Intraosseous ; Korea ; Needles ; Students, Medical* ; Tibia ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess current knowledge of and training experiences with the intraosseous (IO) line among emergency medicine (EM) and pediatric residents who care for critically ill children and to evaluate the educational effectiveness of the IO line workshop. METHODS: During May and June 2008 , a workshops on IO line insertion was held for EM and pediatric residents. The workshop comprised a 45-min lecture and a 15-min hands-on session. Asemi-drill type EZ-IO machine was used for education. Self-assessment questionnaires gauged residents knowledge of and experiences with IO line insertion or bone marrow (BM) examination and their confidence with IO line insertion before and after the workshop. Performance tests were completed for skill evaluation. RESULTS: Forty-five pediatric residents and 22 EM residents participated in the workshop. The pre-educational questionnaire revealed that EM residents had more educational experience in IO line insertion than pediatric residents (p<0.001), while pediatric residents reported more experience in BM examination (p<0.001). The post-educational questionnaire showed a statistically significant higher percentage of correct answers (p<0.001). Although the pediatric residents inserted an IO line more quickly (P=0.001), most residents (88.7%) succeeded in IO line insertion on their first attempt; there was no difference in the groups success rates. Both groups showed higher confidence in performing IO line insertion after training (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Observed educational effectiveness in both knowledge and confidence of IO line insertion skill suggest educational opportunities for pediatric and EM residents should be increased.
Bone Marrow ; Child ; Critical Illness ; Emergencies ; Emergency Medicine ; Humans ; Infusions, Intraosseous ; Internship and Residency ; Jupiter ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self-Assessment

PURPOSE: Intraosseous infusion is a safe and effective vascular access route in critically ill patients, especially in the pediatric population. Use of intraosseous access has shown a recent increase in Korea, but this procedure is not well reported. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of intraosseous infusion. METHODS: This study was a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients who received intraosseous infusion at a tertiary emergency department between April 2010 and March 2014. Their clinical characteristics and outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients participated; 25 patients were cardiac arrest, three were status epilepticus, one was septic shock, and one was severe hypovolemic shock. Final procedure success rate was 90% and average 1.63 attempts were performed per child. Finally 12 patients survived over 24 hours. In particular, all patients of non-cardiac arrest survived and were discharged successfully from our hospital. Median maintenance time of the intraosseous device among survived patients was 112 minutes. No complications were reported. CONCLUSION: Intraosseous infusion in the emergency department was a very effective procedure for cardiac arrested patients and critically ill patients in whom access to the vascular route was difficult.
Child ; Critical Illness ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Infusions, Intraosseous ; Korea ; Pediatrics ; Retrospective Studies ; Shock ; Shock, Septic ; Status Epilepticus

INTRODUCTIONIntraosseous access is an alternative to conventional intravenous access when access is difficult or impossible in the adult population. The EZ-IO is a novel intraosseous access device designed for use in adults, utilising a powered driver.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA prospective, observational study involving a convenience sample of 25 medical students, physicians and nursing staff recruited as study subjects to secure intraosseous access using the EZIO powered drill device, on a bone model.

RESULTSTwenty-three (92%) of the 25 study subjects required only 1 attempt at placing the EZ-IO. There were 24 (96%) successful placements of the EZ-IO. The average time taken to place the EZ-IO was 13.9 seconds. Twenty (87%) of 23 participants reported easier placement with the EZ-IO than an intravenous cannula. The average time taken for the physicians, nursing staff and medical students was 3.71 (+/- SD 1.70) seconds, 7.88 (+/- SD 4.02) seconds and 33.7 (24.5), respectively. Overall mean difficulty of insertion score (VAS) was 3.1 (+/- SD 1.9).

CONCLUSIONThe intraosseous access device evaluated in this study appears to be easy to use with high success rates of insertion with inexperienced participants. There is potential for use in the Emergency Department.

Adult ; Catheterization, Peripheral ; instrumentation ; Catheters, Indwelling ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; Infusions, Intraosseous ; instrumentation ; Professional Competence ; standards ; Prospective Studies ; Resuscitation ; methods ; Shock ; therapy

The purpose of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation by intra-bone marrow injection (IBM-HSCT) is to facilitate the homing of HSC. It has been recently proven in many animal experiments that different kinds of donor cells could efficiently home and engraft into the bone marrow by IBM-HSCT, which led to the rapid hemopoietic and immune recovery of recipients, preventing the development of GVHD, inducing the donor-specific tolerance in allogeneic organ transplantation, and promoting the survival rate of recipients. In this review, the effect of IBM-BMT and IBM-UCBT, the application of IBM injection technique in the study on HSC's biological characteristics, and its prospect for clinical HSCT were summarized.
Animals ; Bone Marrow ; Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation ; methods ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; methods ; Humans ; Infusions, Intraosseous ; Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation ; methods

PURPOSE: To call on health authorities to construct an organized surveillance and investigation system with national financial support for sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) in Korea. METHODS: A single-center retrospective study was conducted on 19 SUID cases, including an analysis of vital statistics for Korean infants, estimation of costs, and suggestion of plans. RESULTS: SUID is the second most common cause of infant deaths in the ER. Most of the deceased infants in this study were discovered in a prone position and bystanders had not in any of the cases started cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) at the scene. Immediate intraosseous (IO) access was not performed in the ER. All cases were categorized as "unclassified sudden infant death" according to the San Diego definition because autopsies and various screening tests were not performed. The assumed rate of incidence of SUID in Korea is 0.3~0.56 per 1000 live births per year. The cost for a response per SUID case was estimated to be over one million won. CONCLUSION: 1) Immediate launching of nation-wide "back-to-sleep campaign" is urgent. 2) Certification in infant resuscitation and prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) should be required for workers in day care centers, orphanages or caregivers companies. 3) IO access should be performed immediately for infant cardiac arrest cases in the ER. 4) A nation-wide campaign would also be helpful to change irrational ideas about dead bodies, get public agreement on performing autopsies and raising the autopsy rate. 5) Legislation should be promoted to mandate autopsies and to organize and maintain a surveillance and investigation system with multi-agency support.
Autopsy ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Caregivers ; Certification ; Day Care, Medical ; Financial Support ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infusions, Intraosseous ; Korea* ; Live Birth ; Mass Screening ; Orphanages ; Prone Position ; Resuscitation ; Retrospective Studies ; Sudden Infant Death* ; Vital Statistics