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Human, birds and other mammals can be infected by avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. Bird infections spread among continents in the last 2 years. Human infections become endemic in certain areas, characterized with young patients and high mortality. An unprecedented epizootic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus that is highly pathogenic has crossed the species barrier in Asia to cause many human fatalities and poses an increasing pandemic threat. This summary describes the features of human infection with influenza A (H5N1) in epidemiology and etiology and reviews recommendations for prevention.
Animals ; Birds ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Indonesia ; epidemiology ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ; pathogenicity ; Influenza in Birds ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; transmission

3.Seasonal, avian and pandemic influenza: are we prepared?.

Z J FENG

Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2018;39(8):1017-1020

China experienced a very high and severe influenza seasonal epidemics during the past winter and spring of 2017-2018 season. This year of 2018 is the 100(th) anniversary of the 1918 "Spanish influenza" pandemic, a series of papers under the topic "One Hundred Years of Influenza Pandemics" are produced to demonstrate the impact, characteristics and responses of the past influenza pandemics in global and China, to review the progress and experiences of influenza surveillance, prevention and control strategies, vaccination and antivirus in China, and to discuss the gap and challenges of the prevention, control and response to the seasonal influenza, human avian influenza infection and influenza pandemics. We hope this series could help to raise the awareness of the seasonal and pandemic influenza in publics, and to improve the pandemic preparedness in China.
Animals ; Awareness ; Birds ; China/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza in Birds/prevention & control* ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control* ; Pandemics/prevention & control* ; Seasons ; Vaccination

4.Prevention and control of influenza and human avian influenza in China.

Dong-lou XIAO

Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2005;26(11):837-838

5.Vaccines for pandemic influenza. The history of our current vaccines, their limitations and the requirements to deal with a pandemic threat.

Alan W HAMPSON

Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 2008;37(6):510-517

Fears of a potential pandemic due to A(H5N1) viruses have focussed new attention on our current vaccines, their shortcomings, and concerns regarding global vaccine supply in a pandemic. The bulk of current vaccines are inactivated split virus vaccines produced from egg-grown virus and have only modest improvements compared with those first introduced over 60 years ago. Splitting, which was introduced some years ago to reduce reactogenicity, also reduces the immunogenicity of vaccines in immunologically naïve recipients. The A(H5N1) viruses have been found poorly immunogenic and present other challenges for vaccine producers which further exacerbate an already limited global production capacity. There have been some recent improvements in vaccine production methods and improvements to immunogenicity by the development of new adjuvants, however, these still fall short of providing timely supplies of vaccine for all in the face of a pandemic. New approaches to influenza vaccines which might fulfil the demands of a pandemic situation are under evaluation, however, these remain some distance from clinical reality and face significant regulatory hurdles.
Animals ; Birds ; Disease Outbreaks ; prevention & control ; statistics & numerical data ; Global Health ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ; isolation & purification ; Influenza Vaccines ; history ; Influenza in Birds ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; World Health Organization

6.Review of human infections with avian influenza H5N1 and proposed local clinical management guideline.

David C B LYE ; Brenda S P ANG ; Yee-Sin LEO

Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 2007;36(4):285-292

Avian influenza has emerged as one of the primary public health concern of the 21st century. Influenza strain H5N1 is capable of incidentally infecting humans and other mammals. Since their reemergence in 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses have been transmitted from poultry to humans (by direct or indirect contact with infected birds) in several provinces of Mainland China, which has resulted in 22 cases of human infection and has created repercussions for the Chinese economy. People have been concerned whether a new pandemic will occur in the future. The eradication of pathogenic avian influenza viruses appears to be the most effective way to prevent an influenza pandemic. This paper will examine the features of H5N1, including incidence, infection, immunity, clinical management, prevention and control, and therapy in Mainland China.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Birds ; Child ; China/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; *Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ; Influenza in Birds/prevention & control ; Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/immunology/therapy ; Male ; Zoonoses/epidemiology/transmission/virology

10.Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus: from low pathogenic to highly pathogenic.

William J LIU ; Haixia XIAO ; Lianpan DAI ; Di LIU ; Jianjun CHEN ; Xiaopeng QI ; Yuhai BI ; Yi SHI ; George F GAO ; Yingxia LIU

Frontiers of Medicine 2021;15(4):507-527

The avian influenza A (H7N9) virus is a zoonotic virus that is closely associated with live poultry markets. It has caused infections in humans in China since 2013. Five waves of the H7N9 influenza epidemic occurred in China between March 2013 and September 2017. H7N9 with low-pathogenicity dominated in the first four waves, whereas highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza emerged in poultry and spread to humans during the fifth wave, causing wide concern. Specialists and officials from China and other countries responded quickly, controlled the epidemic well thus far, and characterized the virus by using new technologies and surveillance tools that were made possible by their preparedness efforts. Here, we review the characteristics of the H7N9 viruses that were identified while controlling the spread of the disease. It was summarized and discussed from the perspectives of molecular epidemiology, clinical features, virulence and pathogenesis, receptor binding, T-cell responses, monoclonal antibody development, vaccine development, and disease burden. These data provide tools for minimizing the future threat of H7N9 and other emerging and re-emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.
Animals ; COVID-19 ; China/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype ; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology* ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control* ; Poultry ; SARS-CoV-2

1.Strengthening study on influenza and face to the new challenge of influenza.

2.Research progress of H5N1 influenza viruses and the threat to human.

3.Seasonal, avian and pandemic influenza: are we prepared?.

4.Prevention and control of influenza and human avian influenza in China.

5.Vaccines for pandemic influenza. The history of our current vaccines, their limitations and the requirements to deal with a pandemic threat.

6.Review of human infections with avian influenza H5N1 and proposed local clinical management guideline.

7.To kill a mocking bird flu?

8.Avian influenza: crisis and respondence.

9.Avian Influenza: Should China Be Alarmed?.

10.Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus: from low pathogenic to highly pathogenic.

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