Child ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; etiology ; pathology

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract, with a global incidence increasing year by year, and the incidence of IBD in developing countries has been increasing since the end of the last century. The pathogenesis of IBD remains unclear, which is the combined result of genetic, immune, diet, environmental and other factors. There is no gold standard for the diagnosis of IBD. Colonoscopy and mucosal biopsy are the preferred clinical tests, but these invasive and time-consuming methods are not conducive to early screening and frequent monitoring. Therefore, convenient, fast, non-invasive and reliable methods are urgently needed to assist the clinical diagnosis and evaluation of IBD. This paper aims to elaborate the laboratory diagnosis and monitoring methods of IBD based on fecal and blood indicators, which can provide ideas for the prevention, screening, diagnosis and monitoring of IBD, and help reduce its burden on people's living standards, public health and society.
Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/pathology* ; Colonoscopy ; Diet ; Feces

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract, with a global incidence increasing year by year, and the incidence of IBD in developing countries has been increasing since the end of the last century. The pathogenesis of IBD remains unclear, which is the combined result of genetic, immune, diet, environmental and other factors. There is no gold standard for the diagnosis of IBD. Colonoscopy and mucosal biopsy are the preferred clinical tests, but these invasive and time-consuming methods are not conducive to early screening and frequent monitoring. Therefore, convenient, fast, non-invasive and reliable methods are urgently needed to assist the clinical diagnosis and evaluation of IBD. This paper aims to elaborate the laboratory diagnosis and monitoring methods of IBD based on fecal and blood indicators, which can provide ideas for the prevention, screening, diagnosis and monitoring of IBD, and help reduce its burden on people's living standards, public health and society.
Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/pathology* ; Colonoscopy ; Diet ; Feces

Since inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing disorder, maintaining high quality of care plays an important role in the management of patients with IBD. To develop process-based quality indicator set to improve quality of care, the indicator should be based directly on evidence and consensus. Initially, ImproveCareNow group demonstrated quality improvement by learning how to apply quality improvement methods to improve the care of pediatric patients with IBD. The American Gastroenterological Association has developed adult IBD physician performance measures set and Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America (CCFA) has developed a set of ten most highly rated process and outcome measures. Recently, The Emerging Practice in IBD Collaborative (EPIC) group generated defining quality indicators for best-practice management of IBD in Canada. Quality of Care through the Patient's Eyes (QUOTE-IBD) was developed as a questionnaire to measure quality of care through the eyes of patients with IBD, and it is widely used in European countries. The current concept of quality of care as well as quality indicator will be discussed in this article.
Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology/therapy ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; *Quality Indicators, Health Care ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo analyze clinical manifestations, endoscopic and histological features for establishing a diagnosis of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

METHODThirty-four inpatients with inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis/UC/: 24; Crohn's disease/CD/:10) were enrolled into this study. Data of clinical manifestations, laboratory values, endoscopic findings and histopathological features of biopsy material were analyzed.

RESULTFour children had mild/moderate active Crohn's disease. Six had severe active disease. The most common presenting symptom in CD was abdominal pain (80%, 8/10). One child had intestinal perforation; 2 had obstruction. Anal fistula was found in 2 patients. There were 5 mild, 14 moderate and 5 severe diseases in UC group. Diarrhea (23/24, 96%) was the most common symptom. Three children with UC suffered from perianal diseases. One had chronic intussusception. ESR and C reactive protein values were significantly higher in patients with CD compared with patients with UC (chi(2) = 15.938, P < 0.01; chi(2) = 11.184, P < 0.01). The pattern of anatomic involvement in CD was: ileocolic 60%, colon 10% and small bowel 30%. Endoscopically, discontinuous lesions, diverse ulcers, proliferative/regenerative patterns and narrowed bowel lumen were observed. Histologically, lymphocytes aggregation in the lamina propria and submucosa were observed. Non-caseating granulomas were found in 22% cases. Twenty-five percent of patients with UC had pancolitis. Colonoscopy showed diffusely distributed multiple erosions and ulcers in UC cases. Twenty-nine percent of children had pseudopolyps. No mucosal bridge was found. Mucosal biopsies showed chronic inflammatory cells, neutrophils and eosinophils diffusely infiltrated in the lamina propria. Crypt abscess was found in 4 cases.

CONCLUSIONThe clinical manifestations in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease are nonspecific. Colonoscopic examination and biopsy are valuable in establishing the diagnosis of pediatric ulcerative colitis. It is important for colon involved CD children to have a colonoscopic examination. But the mucosal biopsies were short of specificity. Multi-place and deep biopsy are needed to improve the diagnosis.

Adolescent ; Biopsy ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Colonoscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; pathology ; Male

OBJECTIVE: To carry out clinical and genetic analysis for an infant manifesting perianal lesions, diarrhea and multiple intestinal perforations. METHODS: Genomic DNA of the infant was extracted and subjected to targeted capture exome sequencing. Candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing of his family members. RESULTS: The patient was found to harbor c.301C>T and c.188+1G>A compound heterozygous variants of the IL10RA gene, which has suggested the diagnosis of IL10RA-related very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEOIBD). CONCLUSION The patient was diagnosed with IL10RA-related VEOIBD. The newly discovered c.188+1G>A variant has enriched the spectrum of IL10RA gene variations.
Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Infant ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/pathology* ; Mutation ; Exome Sequencing

The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is not fully elucidated. However, it has been considered that inflammatory macrophages may be involved in the imbalance of the intestinal mucosal immunity to regulate several signaling pathways, leading to IBD progression. The ratio of M1 to M2 subtypes of activated macrophages tends to increase in the inflamed intestinal section. There are challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of IBD, such as unsatisfactory specificity of imaging findings, low drug accumulation in the intestinal lesions, unstable therapeutic efficacy, and drug-related systemic toxicity. Recently developed nanoparticles may provide a new approach for the diagnosis and treatment of IBD. Nanoparticles targeted to macrophages can be used as contrast agents to improve the imaging quality or used as a drug delivery vector to increase the therapeutic efficiency of IBD. This article reviews the research progress on macrophage-targeting nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of IBD to provide a reference for further research and clinical application.
Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy* ; Intestines ; Macrophages/metabolism* ; Intestinal Mucosa/pathology* ; Nanoparticles

Protein-calorie malnutrition and deficiencies of specific nutrients could commonly occur in various types of gastrointestinal diseases. These nutritional problems could delay recovery from diseases, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality, and impairment of quality of life. Parenteral nutrition (PN) is one of the methods of nutritional support through which macronutrients (glucose, amino acids, and triglycerides), micronutrients (vitamins and trace elements), water, and electrolytes are administered via peripheral or central venous route. PN could play an important role for patients for whom enteral/oral feeding is contraindicated or cannot meet the patients' requirement for adequate nutrition due to anatomical and/or functional problems. Since insufficient and excessive PN supplement could both be harmful for patients, it is very important to adhere to correct indication, optimal timing, and dosage/composition of PN. In this article, the current role of PN for various gastrointestinal diseases will be reviewed and discussed.
Gastrointestinal Diseases/*pathology/therapy ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/pathology/therapy ; Liver Diseases/*pathology/therapy ; Malnutrition/*prevention & control ; Nutrition Therapy ; Nutritional Support ; *Parenteral Nutrition

Nowadays, inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is increasing; however, infectious colitis, such as amebic colitis, is decreasing, so many doctors are not apt to be interested in infectious colitis. In addition, recently amebic colitis has been relatively rare in Korea, and the colonoscopic and the pathologic findings of amebic colitis are very similar to those of other inflammatory bowel diseases. As a consequence, the diagnosis is very difficult if the cyst or the trophozoite of the ameba is not found in the stool examination or in the tissue pathology. The authors experienced three cases in which initial diagnoses of tuberculous colitis, ulcerative colitis, and a simple ulcer were made based on colonoscopic and X-ray findings. However a colonoscopic biopsy revealed a trophozoite form of ameba in the tissue. Hence, a diagnosis of amebic colitis could be made with confidence. Based on these results, we insist that infectious colitis should be included in the differential diagnosis when making a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. In addition, it is extremely important to consider all kinds of infectious colitis, such as amebic colitis.
Amoeba ; Biopsy ; Colitis* ; Colitis, Ulcerative ; Crohn Disease ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dysentery, Amebic* ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Korea ; Pathology ; Trophozoites ; Ulcer

Ulcerative colitis is an idiopathic chronic inflammatory bowel disease and its incidence in Korea has rapidly increased over the past two decades. Since ulcerative colitis is associated with increased risk for colorectal cancer, annual or biannual colonoscopy with four quadrant random biopsies at every 10 cm segments has been recommended for surveillance of colitic cancer in patients with long standing left-sided or extensive colitis. Recent epidemiologic data and meta-analysis suggest that the increment of colorectal cancer risk in ulcerative colitis was not larger than that of previous studies. Moreover, in addition to the extent and duration of colitis, other risk factors such as family history of colorectal cancer, primary sclerosing cholangitis, stricture, pseudopolyps, and histologic severity of inflammation have been recognized. As a result, updated guidelines provide surveillance strategies adjusted to the individual patient's risk for colitic cancer. Regarding surveillance method, target biopsy under panchromoendoscopy is preferentially recommended rather than random biopsy.
Cholangitis, Sclerosing/complications ; Colitis, Ulcerative/*complications ; Colon/pathology ; Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology/*etiology ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications ; Polyps ; Risk Factors