Animals ; Humans ; Inflammasomes ; Liver Diseases ; pathology

As a form of new programmed cell death, pyroptosis is divided into a canonical pyroptosis pathway and a non-canonical pyroptosis pathway. In recent years, it is reported that non-canonical pyroptosis is closely related to inflammatory reactions, which directly affects the occurrence, development, and outcome of sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease, respiratory disease, nerve system inflammatory disease, and other inflammatory diseases. When the cells were infected with Gram-negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), it can induce the activation of cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase(caspase)-4/5/11 and directly bind to the cells to cleave gasdermin D (GSDM-D) into the active amino-terminus of GSDM-D. The amino-terminus of GSDM-D with membrane punching activity migrates to the cell membrane, triggering the rupture of the cell membrane, and the cell contents discharge, leading to the occurrence of non-canonical pyroptosis. After activation of caspase-11, it also promotes the canonical pyroptosis, activates and releases interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, which aggravated inflammation. Caspase-4/5/11, GSDM-D, Toll-like receptor 4 and high mobility group protein B1 are the key molecules of the non-canonical pyroptosis. Exploring the mechanisms of non-canonical pyroptosis and the related research progresses in inflammatory diseases intensively is of great significance for clinical prevention and treatment of the relevant diseases.
Caspases ; Humans ; Inflammasomes ; Inflammation ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Pyroptosis ; Sepsis

Type 1 diabetes is one of the classical examples of organ- specific autoimmune diseases characterized by lymphocytic infiltration or inflammation in pancreatic islets called 'insulitis'. In contrast, type 2 diabetes has been traditionally regarded as a metabolic disorder with a pathogenesis that is totally different from that of type 1 diabetes. However, recent investigation has revealed contribution of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In addition to type 2 diabetes, the role of chronic inflammation is being appreciated in a wide variety of metabolic disorders such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis. In this review, we will cover the role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders with an emphasis on NLRP3.
Atherosclerosis ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Immunity, Innate ; Inflammasomes ; Inflammation ; Islets of Langerhans ; Obesity

Type 1 diabetes is one of the classical examples of organ- specific autoimmune diseases characterized by lymphocytic infiltration or inflammation in pancreatic islets called 'insulitis'. In contrast, type 2 diabetes has been traditionally regarded as a metabolic disorder with a pathogenesis that is totally different from that of type 1 diabetes. However, recent investigation has revealed contribution of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In addition to type 2 diabetes, the role of chronic inflammation is being appreciated in a wide variety of metabolic disorders such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis. In this review, we will cover the role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders with an emphasis on NLRP3.
Atherosclerosis ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Immunity, Innate ; Inflammasomes ; Inflammation ; Islets of Langerhans ; Obesity

Pyroptosis is a novel type of programmed cell death, which is closely related with the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). The recent studies showed that all of S100A9/TLR4, S100A9/CD33 and Nox/ROS signaling pathways can activate oxygen-sensitivity NLRP3 inflammasome and then induce the pyroptosis of hematopoeitic stem cells (HSC) / hematopeitic pregenitor cells (HPC), resulting in ineffective hematopoiesis in patients with MDS. Further studies on the role and molecular mechanism of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of MDS will provide the potential opportunity for the diagnosis and treatment of MDS. Here, the recent advances in the role and mechnism of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of MDS are reviewed.
Hematopoiesis ; Humans ; Inflammasomes ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes ; Pyroptosis ; Signal Transduction

Flavonoids are major plant constituents with numerous biological/pharmacological actions both in vitro and in vivo. Of these actions, their anti-inflammatory action is prominent. They can regulate transcription of many proinflammatory genes such as cyclooxygenase-2/inducible nitric oxide synthase and many cytokines/chemokines. Recent studies have demonstrated that certain flavonoid derivatives can affect pathways of inflammasome activation and autophagy. Certain flavonoids can also accelerate the resolution phase of inflammation, leading to avoiding chronic inflammatory stimuli. All these pharmacological actions with newly emerging activities render flavonoids to be potential therapeutics for chronic inflammatory disorders including arthritic inflammation, meta-inflammation, and inflammaging. Recent findings of flavonoids are summarized and future perspectives are presented in this review.
Autophagy ; Flavonoids ; In Vitro Techniques ; Inflammasomes ; Inflammation ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Plants

Inflammatory injury of the intestine is often accompanied by symptoms such as damage to intestinal mucosa, increased intestinal permeability, and intestinal motility dysfunction. Inflammatory factors spread throughout the body via blood circulation, and can cause multi-organ failure. Pyroptosis is a newly discovered way of programmed cell death, which is mainly characterized by the formation of plasma membrane vesicles, cell swelling until the rupture of the cell membrane, and the release of cell contents, thereby activating a drastic inflammatory response and expanding the inflammatory response cascade. Pyroptosis is widely involved in the occurrence of diseases, and the underlying mechanisms for inflammation are still a hot spot of current research. The caspase-1 mediated canonical inflammasome pathway of pyroptosis and caspase-4/5/8/11-mediated non-canonical inflammasome pathway are closely related to the occurrence and development of intestinal inflammation. Therefore, investigation of the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis in intestinal injury in sepsis, inflammatory bowel diseases, infectious enteristic, and intestinal tumor is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of intestinal inflammatory injury.
Humans ; Pyroptosis ; Inflammasomes/metabolism* ; Apoptosis ; Caspase 1 ; Inflammation

Detection of pathogen by pattern recognition receptors leads to activation of inflammasome which plays a crucial role in immune system. The inflammasome regulates the release of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-18 and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is a critical component of an inflammatory complex. Recently, the critical role of PKR was reported in regulation of multiple inflammasomes.
Cytokines ; eIF-2 Kinase ; Immune System ; Inflammasomes ; Interleukin-18 ; Interleukins ; Receptors, Pattern Recognition

Carrier Proteins ; Humans ; Inflammasomes ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein ; Silicosis ; pathology

Inflammasome is one of the pattern recognition receptors whose activation directly relates to the maturity and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1Β and IL-18. Thus, it plays an important role in the humoral immunity. A growing number of studies have found that inflammasome has a close relationship with the pathogenesis of various diseases including atherosclerosis,diabetes, and gout. However,the activation of the inflammasome and its specific regulatory mechanisms remain not clear. This article reviews the possible regulatory mechanisms of the inflammasome NLRP3 in terms of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress,and autophagy reaction.
Animals ; Carrier Proteins ; Humans ; Inflammasomes ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-1beta ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein