At a clinic of primary care on sterility and fertility, among 1000 couples, the classification of infertility's causes is male infertility: 25%, female: tubal occlusion 37.68%. An ovulation was 55.53%. Male + female: 13.47%. Tubal occlusion is the most frequent cause of infertility due to the result of post arboretum infection, post partum infection and after IUD's removal. (19% of primary infertility and 41% of secondary infertility).
Infertility ; Etiology ; Sterilization, Tubal ; Infertility, Male

Exact etiological factors of male infertility is called idiopathic male infertility. Some breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of the problem since the development of ICSI in 1992. However, traditional treatment should also be taken into account for individual male infertility. Medication as a traditional treatment is still one of the important therapeutic methods. The basic understanding of male infertility, the characteristics of its drug therapy, clinically used common drugs, the therapeutic efficacy and effect evaluation are reviewed in this article.
Humans ; Infertility, Male ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Male

Varicocele is a most common and surgically correctable cause of male infertility, for which varicocelectomy is the major treatment. Recent years have witnessed a lot of efforts devoted to the pathomechanism of varicocele-induced male infertility and rapid progress in researches on its cellular and molecular mechanisms, mainly including apoptotic abnormality and oxidative stress of germ cells. Meanwhile, researchers are coming to a consensus on the indications of varicocelectomy as well as the advantages and disadvantage of different methods of the procedure. This review updates the cellular and molecular mechanisms of varicocele-induced male infertility and its clinical therapeutic strategies.
Humans ; Infertility, Male ; etiology ; surgery ; Male ; Varicocele ; complications ; surgery

Varicocele is one of the most common diseases in the male reproductive system. More and more attention has been drawn to the influence of varicocele on male reproduction recently. Although many experiments and achievements have been made, the mechanism of infertility in varicocele patients has not yet been fully understood. The development of the disease might be related to many factors such as microcirculation of the testis, vasoactive substance, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, hypoxia, immunology and apoptosis. Mostly these changes are not confined to one testis. Thus, it is of great significance to investigate the mechanism of male infertility induced by varicocele. This article updates the studies on the mechanism of infertility in varicocele males.
Humans ; Infertility, Male ; etiology ; pathology ; Male ; Varicocele ; complications ; pathology

Chlamydia trachomatis(Ct) infection in reproductive tract is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases at present. However, relatively fewer studies are made on Ct infection in men. The paper reviews the epidemiology of Ct infection in males, Ct infection and male diseases, Ct infection and male infertility, and the detection of Ct infection in men. It aims at providing a theoretical basis and a practical guide for the prevention and control of Ct infection in men.
Chlamydia Infections ; complications ; diagnosis ; Chlamydia trachomatis ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; etiology ; Male ; Prostatitis ; etiology

Ejaculatory duct obstruction (EDO) is an important cause of male infertility. Etiologically it can be either congenital or acquired. The diagnosis of EDO mainly depends on history, physical examination, semen analysis, and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS). The semen of EDO patients is characterized by low ejaculate volume, oligospermia or azoospermia, low pH, and absence of fructose. Technetium (99Tc(m)) Sulphur Colloid Seminal Vesicle Scintigraphy is of great value in the differential diagnosis of functional, partial and complete obstruction. Definite diagnosis of EDO can be established by vasography, seminal vesicle aspiration and seminal vesiculography. Transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts (TURED), as the standard method of treatment for EDO, is effective for many of the patients. And the assistant reproductive technology (ART) is required if the procedure fails to restore the patient's fertility.
Azoospermia ; etiology ; therapy ; Ejaculatory Ducts ; pathology ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; etiology ; therapy ; Male

Failure of spermatogenesis is the main clinical manifestation of male infertility. Multiple factors including genetic factors may affect spermatogenesis. Azoopermia factor (AZF) is closely involved in spermatogenesis. This paper reviews recent progress made in the study of AZF and its role in spermatogenesis and male infertility.
Azoospermia ; etiology ; genetics ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; etiology ; genetics ; Male ; Spermatogenesis ; genetics

The Y chromosome contains genes closely related to male gonadal development and spermatogenesis. The azoospermia factor (AZF) is a gene on the long arm of the Y chromosome that regulates spermatogenesis, and its deletion can induce spermatogenic arrest and consequently male infertility. Most researchers subdivide AZF into AZFa, AZFb and AZFc, and some believe there to be another region, AZFd, between AZFa and AZFb. Different AZF deletions lead to different phenotypes. AZFc deletion, as the commonest type that attracts widespread attention of researchers, includes complete AZF deletion and partial AZF deletion, and the latter mainly consists of gr/gr deletion and b2/b3 deletion. The gr/gr deletion can cause infertility in some areas or in human species. The influence of b2/b3 deletion on spermatogenesis has not been confirmed, but its wide spread in haplogroup N has distribution scientists' attention. This review outlines the structures, candidate genes and deletions of AZF, especially AZFc, along with their relationship with spermatogenesis, so as to provide a theoretical basis for clinical prenatal diagnosis and treatment of infertility.
Azoospermia ; etiology ; genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Y ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; etiology ; genetics ; Male ; Spermatogenesis ; genetics

Varicocele is the most common cause of male infertility and is generally correctable or at least improvable by various surgical and radiologic techniques. Therefore, it seems simple and reasonable that varicocele should be treated in infertile men with varicocele. However, the role of varicocele repair for the treatment of subfertile men has been questioned during the past decades. Although varicocele repair can induce improvement of semen quality, the obvious benefit of spontaneous pregnancy has not been shown through several meta-analyses. Recently, a well-designed randomized clinical trial was introduced, and, subsequently, a novel meta-analysis was published. The results of these studies advocate that varicocele repair be regarded as a standard treatment modality in infertile men with clinical varicocele and abnormal semen parameters, which is also supported by current clinical guidelines. Microsurgical varicocelectomy has been regarded as the gold standard compared to other surgical techniques and radiological management in terms of the recurrence rate and the pregnancy rate. However, none of the methods has been proven through well-designed clinical trials to be superior to the others in the ability to improve fertility. Accordingly, high-quality data from well-designed studies are needed to resolve unanswered questions and update current knowledge. Upcoming trials should be designed to define the best technique and also to define how to select the best candidates who will benefit from varicocele repair.
*Fertility ; Humans ; Infertility, Male/*etiology/surgery ; Male ; Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male/*methods ; Varicocele/complications/*surgery

The formation of antisperm antibodies (AsAb) results from the disruption of the blood-testis barrier by a variety of mechanisms, which leads to exposure of immunogenic sperm antigens to the immune system and initiates an immune response. AsAb can impair the fusion of sperm and egg and even the embryo development, resulting in infertility. The etiology of AsAb, effect of AsAb on assisted reproduction and treatment of AsAb in the literature are reviewed in this article.
Antibodies ; immunology ; Antibody Formation ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; etiology ; Male ; Reproductive Techniques ; Spermatozoa ; immunology