Varicocele is now a well established common cause of the male infertility and is a curable disease. Scrotal ultrasonography is a simple and reliable method for the diagnosis of varicocele because of noninvasiveness to the patient. Thus the urologists and radiologists try to use various diagnostic tools including physical examination to confirm significant varicoceles objectively. We used scrotal ultrasonography as a objective diagnostic method to evaluate 19 varicocele patients. Of 19 patients 17 had e palpable left varicocele clinically and a patient had bilateral varicoceles. All the clinical varicoceles were confirmed readily by sonography. By the sonography one case was demonstrated a left varicocele as a subclinical patient with infertility.
Diagnosis ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Male ; Male ; Physical Examination ; Ultrasonography* ; Varicocele*

Management of male infertility is one of urological activities at Binh Dan hospital. Since last year some advanced techniques have been applying to practice: Measurement of testicle volume levels of FSH, LH, Testosterone and Prolactine, transurethral ultrasound, selective testis biopsy, per - operative vasogram, resection of the verumontanum and vassal microsurgical by pass. Therefore, we could effectively differentiate two groups of substructive and non-obstructive infertilities and hence, prognosis and treatment could be better made. 487 patients have been seen, 54% of these has shown a non-obstructive infertility, 19% of obstructive cases and 27% of indiopathic cases. 37% patients have been followed-up with spermiogram improvement in 43% of those patients, and pregnancy rate was 12%. Ejaculative duct obstruction is rare, but not difficult to be confirmed, and its treatment has been proved as a simple but effective treatment
Infertility, Male ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; diagnosis ; therapeutics

Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive after having made attempts for 2 years. We conducted this study on 227 cases of male infertility. The results showed that 146 cases have oligospermia (the sperm count less than 20x106/mm3), 81 cases have asthenozoospermia. Our results in the treatment for asthenozoospermia with gonadotropine is very good, especially the therapy for Eumuch syndrome gets the best results
Infertility, Male ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; diagnosis ; therapeutics

Male factors can be identified as the cause of infertility in 30~40% of couples and a contributing factor in 50% of cases. This situation means the reproduction ability in human is directly related not only to the underlying diseases of infertility but also to the general health status. Therefore, clinical approaches should be made by a comprehensive evaluation including a detailed history, careful physical examination, qualified semen analysis, and second-line specific tests under a thorough understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive organ, on both sides of the couple in parallel. Additionally, it is very important to evaluate male factors with rapid, noninvasive, and cost-effective modalities. This article will provide a review of clinical causes of male infertility as well as how to perform a comprehensive evaluation in infertile couples.
Diagnosis* ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Male* ; Male ; Male* ; Physical Examination ; Physiology ; Reproduction ; Semen Analysis

PURPOSE: The association of varicoceles and subfertility has been well documented. Although varicoceles remain the most common surgically correctable cause of male infertility the subjective diagnosis of varicocele, especially the small ones remains a challenge. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 40 young men (16 volunteers, 24 varicocele patients) with scrotal blood pool scan using 99mTc RBC. RESULTS: Complete correlation between physical findings and the scrotal scan was found. The postoperative scans of 12 patients with surgically corrected high grade varicoceles demonstrated symmetrical photon accumulation in the scrotum. The technique which most accurately correlated the clinical grade was the varicocele index using total count at Valsalva maneuver. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the 99mTc RBC scrotal scan with technical refinement is a useful procedure in the objective diagnosis and followup of varicoceles.
Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Male ; Male ; Scrotum ; Valsalva Maneuver ; Varicocele* ; Volunteers

Varicocele is the most frequent cause of male subfertility. Because it is the most common surgically correctable cause of male infertility, its diagnosis is important. For diagnosis of varicoceles, venography, thermography, and doppler stethoscope were available, but they involved invasiveness, inaccuracy, lack of objectivity and cosiliness. Two noninvasive methods for detecting varicoceles. scrotogram using Technetium and digital infrared thermography imaging(DITI), were evaluated in 52 patients complaining of infertility. The results of scrotogram and thermography were not consistent in these patients. When the varicoceles were confirmed with internal spermatic venography or high ligation of internal spermatic vein, the physical examination was the most accurate method. compared with scrotogram and thermography. Scrotogram (0.73) was more sensitive than thermography(0.64). The each combination of the two of physical examination scrotogram and thermography increased the accuracy in terms of sensitivity and positive predictive value. This study suggest that the combination of scrotogram and thermography with physical examination would increase the diagnostic accuracy in the varicoceles.
Diagnosis* ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Male ; Ligation ; Male ; Phlebography ; Physical Examination ; Stethoscopes ; Technetium ; Thermography* ; Varicocele* ; Veins

PURPOSE: The Infertility Self-Efficacy scale (ISE) is an instrument used to identify infertility-related self-efficacy. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the ISE developed by Cousineau et al. in 2006. METHODS: The translated instrument was pilot-tested and administered to 314 women and men with a diagnosis of infertility. For estimating reliability, testeretest and the internal consistency reliability coefficients were calculated. Validity was evaluated through content validity, concurrent validity, and construct validity with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. RESULTS: The internal consistency reliability was satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = .92, item-total correlations = .44–.80), and the intra-class correlation coefficient was .84 (p < .001). The overall content validity index was 98.1%, and the concurrent validity coefficient (correlations between the ISE scale and general self-efficacy scale) was .31 (p < .001). The final model's fit indexes were acceptable (CFI = .96, NFI = .93, RMSEA = .07, GFI = .94, and SRMR = .03), indicating good construct validity. CONCLUSION: The Korean version of the ISE has high reliability (stability and homogeneity), and good content, concurrent, and construct validity (EFA and CFA). Validated Korean version of the ISE may help nurses identify infertility-related self-efficacy.
Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility* ; Male ; Psychometrics* ; Reproducibility of Results

Testicular biopsy is mandatory in azoospermic men with normal sized testes to distinguish between ductal obstruction and spermatogenic failure as the cause of azoospermia. In men with poor semen quality or azoospermia and small testes, the results of a pathologic evaluation will rarely if ever alter therapy. However, the biopsy often assists in making a definitive diagnosis which helps the physician in giving the patient a prognosis and avoiding unnecessary treatment in irredeemable situation. We performed 25 cases of testicular biopsy in infertile men, procuring the results as below: 1. Testicular biopsy specimen were classified into 5 group histopathologically: germ cell aplasia, 6 cases (24%); spermatogenic arrest, 8 cases (32%); hypospermatogenesis, 5 cases (20%); peritubular or tubular fibrosis, 3 cases (12%); normal or obstructive, 3 cases (12%). 2. In 25 cases, 18 cases were azoospermia and 7 cases were oligospermia. 3. In 13 cases (52%), the lesions were localized both in the seminiferous tubule and in the interstitial tissue and in 9 cases (36%), the lesions were localized only in the seminiferous tubule, and 3 cases (12%)were normal.
Azoospermia ; Biopsy* ; Diagnosis ; Fibrosis ; Germ Cells ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Male* ; Male ; Male* ; Oligospermia ; Prognosis ; Semen Analysis ; Seminiferous Tubules ; Testis

The recent advancement of Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) has been problematic for the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. Instead of exploring in depth the nature of the male infertility to achieve a natural pregnancy, ART concentrates mainly on obtaining a sperm for the purpose of fertilizing the ovum. This approach favors fertilization over the correction of male infertility and therefore often overlooks appropriate treatment options. In other words, ART is not consistent with bioethical practices and can lead to unfortunate outcomes for many infertile men. In particular, varicocelectomy, vasovasostomy, and epididymovasostomy result in high pregnancy rates when compared with ART. Moreover, redo-vasovasostomy has also been found to produce high pregnancy rates when the first trial proved unsuccessful. Twenty-five percent of male infertility cases diagnosed by semen analysis are deemed idiopathic. For the remaining seventy-five percent, however, the cause of infertility can be identified. Therefore, the primary approach to infertility should be to treat the underlying cause and thereby enable natural pregnancy to occur.
Diagnosis ; Fertilization ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Male* ; Male ; Male* ; Ovum ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ; Semen Analysis ; Spermatozoa ; Vasovasostomy

Testicular biopsy is an important tool in the diagnosis and management of male infertility. The increasing use of this procedure has permitted a rational classification of the testicular lesion responsible for infertility and provide an intelligent basis for the institution of corrective measures or the withholding of therapy in cases in which the biopsy indicates a hopeless prognosis for fertility. The testicular biopsy findings of 48 azoospermia cases were evaluated in aspects of testicular size and past history. The following results were obtained. 1. The biopsy findings of 8 cases with normal sized testes and no nodules of both epididymimides and vasa deferens were normal in 4 cases, germinal aplasia in 2 cases, maturation arrest in 1 case and hypospermatogenesis in 1 case. 2. The biopsy findings of 23 cases with small sized testes and no nodules of both epididymides and vasa deferens were germinal aplasia in 13 cases, generalized fibrosis in 6 cases, maturation arrest in 3 cases and hypospermatogenesis in 1 case. 3. The past history of 17 cases with normal sized testes and bilateral induration of epididymides of vasa deferens revealed nonspecific epididymitis in 6 cases, tuberculous epididymides in 6 cases, tuberculous epididymitis in 5 cases, vasectomy in 5 cases and trauma of scrotum in 1 case. The biopsy findings of these cases were normal in 10 cases, hypospermatogenesis in 3 cases, testicular blockage in 3 cases and atrophy in 1 case.
Atrophy ; Azoospermia* ; Biopsy* ; Classification ; Diagnosis ; Epididymitis ; Fertility ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Male ; Male ; Oligospermia ; Prognosis ; Scrotum ; Testis ; Vasectomy