OBJECTIVEHigh risk human papilomavirus (HPV) infection is often related to cervical cancer. This study investigated the infection of high risk HPV in cervical epithelia among infertile patients. Relative quantification and absolute quantification were applied for determination of "real" HPV viral load in the clinical setting.

METHODSAdopting multi-channels real time PCR to genotype and quantify eight high risk HPV (HPV16, 18, 45, 31; intermediate risk types: HPV33, 52, 58, 67) DNA in cervical epithelia of the 130 infertile patients and the 150 controls. This study applied housekeeping gene (beta-globin) for the DNA quantification on secretions samples for clinical diagnosis.

RESULTSThe infection rate of the infertility group was 25.38 percent (33/130) and that of the control group was 11.33 percent (17/150), the difference was statistically significant. Among the 33 positive cases in the infertility group, 24 cases showed a viral load no less than 106; in 9 of them, the viral load was less than 106. Among the 17 positive cases in the control group, 4 cases had a viral load no less than 106; in 13 of them, the viral load was less than 106. There is a statistically significant difference in viral load between the infertility group and the control group.

CONCLUSIONThe HPV infection rate of the infertility group was higher than that of the control group.

Adult ; Alphapapillomavirus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility, Female ; virology ; Papillomavirus Infections ; virology ; Vaginal Smears ; Viral Load ; Young Adult

The tissue distribution and cellular localization of viral antigens in three cattle with persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection was studied. In three cases, necropsy findings of oral ulcers, abmasal ulcers and necrosis of Peyer's patches were suspected have been caused by BVDV infection. Non-cytopathic BVDV was isolated from a tissue pool of liver, kidneys and spleen. Immunohistochemical detection of BVDV showed that BVDV antigens were detected in both epithelial and nonepithelial cells in all examined organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, lung, lymphatic organs (spleen, lymph nodes), adrenal gland, ovary, uterus, and the mammary gland. These findings support the hypothesis that animals with persistent BVDV infection spread BVDV through all routes, and that infertility in BVDV infection is associated with the infection of BVDV in the ovaries and uteri.
Adrenal Glands/pathology/virology ; Animals ; Antigens, Viral/*isolation & purification ; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/pathology/physiopathology/*virology ; Cattle ; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/immunology/*isolation & purification ; Digestive System/pathology/virology ; Female ; Immunohistochemistry/veterinary ; Infertility, Female/virology ; Kidney/pathology/virology ; Lung/pathology/virology ; Lymphatic System/pathology/virology ; Mammary Glands, Animal/virology ; Ovary/pathology/virology ; Uterus/pathology/virology

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the worldwide sexually transmitted diseases (STD), and the DNA of HPV can exist in the normal epithelium of reproductive organs of both men and women. Because the majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic, healthy HPV-carriers become the main source of the infection. Studies show that HPV infection in men is correlated with STD, infertility, tumor of reproductive organs, and infection in the sexual partners. Therefore, measures should be taken to reduce male HPV infection, including circumcision, fewer sexual partners, and condom use.
Adult ; Asymptomatic Infections ; Carrier State ; virology ; Circumcision, Male ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; virology ; Male ; Papillomaviridae ; Papillomavirus Infections ; complications ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Reproductive Health ; Risk Factors ; Sexual Partners ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; virology

To explore the roles of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and heat shock protein 60 (HSP-60) in women with tubal factor infertility (TFI) associated with Chlamydia trachomatis, and to determine the mechanisms of fallopian adhesions in Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections, the expressions of TNF-alpha and HSP-60 were quantitatively determined in 60 cases of TFI and 30 controls by immunohistochemical technique. The patients with TFI were further divided into group A and group B according to the CT-DNA of cervical specimens of PCR. The quantitative analysis was conducted by employing computerized image analysis system. It is found that the expressions of TNF-alpha and HSP-60 were much higher in TFI patients than those of controls. Among CT-HSP responders, a stronger expression was correlated with more severe salpingeal pathology. It is concluded that TNF-alpha and HSP-60 play very important roles in fallopian tube adhesion and occlusion in TFI due to CT infection.
Adult ; Chaperonin 60 ; blood ; Chlamydia Infections ; blood ; Chlamydia trachomatis ; Fallopian Tube Diseases ; complications ; virology ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility, Female ; etiology ; metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism