Hepatitis B ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Hepatitis B virus ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; prevention & control

Female ; Hepatitis B ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Humans ; Infant ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; prevention & control

China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Hepatitis B ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; prevention & control ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious

Female ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical

Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; prevention & control ; Kidney Diseases ; prevention & control ; virology ; Viruses ; pathogenicity

This paper reports on women's understanding of diseases believed to be sexually transmitted in the Asaro Valley of the Eastern Highlands Province. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) seemed to be a new category of disease as there were no local language terms for them. Women did not associate STDs with infertility. Although some symptoms were recognized and known to be sexually transmitted, STDs sometimes went untreated for years. STDs were thought of as milder than AIDS because they could be treated. Those informants who had good knowledge of AIDS claimed to have known an AIDS patient. It was interesting that those who knew an AIDS patient reported a change in sexual behaviour among people who saw the deteriorating state of their relative who was dying of AIDS. PIP: Women's perception of STDs in the Asaro Valley of the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea was studied along with the local language terms for reproductive tract infections. Considering that there are no known specific local language terms for diseases that are sexually transmitted, women tend to view STDs as a new category of disease. The study emphasizes the women's understanding of the risk factors, as well as signs and symptoms, causes and measures taken, behavior towards treatment, and suggestions concerning treatment and protection. Interviews were conducted with 30 women aged 17-50 years. 14 of those participated in the clinical side of a community- based STD study, while the rest provided information independently. Particular emphasis was given to sources of information on STDs, understanding of risk factors, signs and symptoms, causes and measures taken, attitude towards treatment, and suggestions for treatment and protection. Since the local language does not have a term to refer to any diseases thought to be passed on through sexual intercourse, three terms were used: "sik nogut" (bad sickness), gonorrhea, and syphilis; additionally, signs and symptoms were described rather than named. It was found that rumors and educated relatives were the primary sources of information about "sik nogut." One of the major findings was that women did not link infertility with STDs, even if symptoms were felt in and around the reproductive tract. The paper concludes that sexual intercourse, as identified by women, is the dominant mode of disease transmission in the Valley. Condoms are becoming acceptable but are not used because of their unavailability. An interesting finding in this study is the reported change in sexual behavior among people who have seen their relatives die of AIDS.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - ethnology ; Disease Transmission, Infectious - prevention & ; control ; Educational Status ; HIV Infections - transmission ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical - prevention & ; control

OBJECTIVETo analyze the current status of maternal HIV infection, mother to child transmission, and the work accomplishments in preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT).

METHODSDuring October, 2001 to May, 2009, HIV voluntary consultation and examination were carried out in 339 866 pregnant women in the urban areas, while 594 pregnant women who tested positive were intervened, and interventions were also conducted among 326 babies who were born to HIV positive mothers, including HIV immune body examination on the babies when they were 12 months and 18 months old.

RESULTSA total of 594 pregnant women were found HIV positive, with the positive rate of 0.17% (594/339 866). And the rate was declining year by year. The highest rate was 0.47% (37/7837) in 2002, and the lowest rate was 0.12% (86/73 343) in 2008. Of the 594 positive pregnant women, 228 (38.38%) terminated pregnancy voluntarily, 43 (7.24%) kept on pregnancy and 317 (53.37%) parturients. Of 326 babies born by the 317 parturients, 317 survived.298 received curbing intervention for mother to child transmission (PMTCT), the ratio was 94.01% (298/317). Of 224 babies who were 18 months old, 221 accepted examination, and 7 HIV positive. The maternal infant transmission rate after intervention was 3.17% (7/221).

CONCLUSIONThrough the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, the HIV infection status in the pregnant women can be timely observed, which can effectively decrease the level of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Adult ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; prevention & control ; Pregnancy

Female ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; transmission ; HIV-1 ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; prevention & control ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the cost-effectiveness and economic efficiency of integrated prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in four high-incidence counties.

METHODSData of local resource investment and total cost for PMTCT in 4 counties in China from 2003 to 2006 were collected. Cost analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis were conducted. Average costs of a confirmed HIV case, a prevented case and a disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) saving were calculated.

RESULTSAverage cost of identifying one HIV-infected mother was yen5512. Costs of a pediatric HIV case prevention and per DALY saving were yen46 747 and yen1870 ($231), respectively, based on the total cost perspective.

CONCLUSIONThe cost of integrated prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV was low. The PMTCT program was economical efficiency.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; prevention & control ; transmission ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; prevention & control ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ; prevention & control ; Universal Precautions ; economics

OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study is to get to know the intervention services implementation status of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV/AIDS in China, and the trend of recent five years.

METHODSWe carried out relevant surveys and investigations among the areas where PMTCT work had been implemented during January 2005 to December 2009. Health providers in these fields provided routine maternal health care, HIV counseling and test for 10 360 655 pregnant women and comprehensive intervention measures to 10 123 HIV infected pregnant women which included antiretroviral (ARV) drugs usage, safety delivery, and exclusive breastfeeding, and collected relevant data and materials to analysis the ratio of main interventions and its change trend.

RESULTSThe HIV/AIDS counseling rate was increasing year by year (χ(2)(trend) = 3184.5, P < 0.001), during 2005 to 2009 the rate was 69.8% (406 151/581 975), 84.5% (1 346 745/1 594 579), 90.3% (1 582 757/1 753 191), 93.7% (1 926 224/2 055 232), 82.3% (3 599 228/4 375 678) respectively. HIV/AIDS test rate was increasing (χ(2)(trend) = 146 194.7, P < 0.001), the rate from 2005 to 2009 was 57.8% (336 459/581 975), 80.8% (1 287 812/1 594 579), 87.0% (1 524 595/1 753 191), 89.2% (1 833 246/2 055 232), 85.5% (3 741 337/4 375 678)respectively. The total number of HIV/AIDS infected maternities was 10 123 during 2005-2009, 6156 of them delivered, the general usage rate of ARVs was 71.0% (4373/6156), and increasing to 75.3% (1554/2065) by the end of 2009, the rates of 2005 to 2008 were 64.6% (362/560), 66.9% (623/931), 66.7% (857/1284), 74.2% (977/1316) respectively. The difference was significant (χ(2)(trend) = 47.6, P < 0.001). The proportion of using ARVs during pregnant period was 58.5% (2557/4373). The proportion of using ARVs among born infants of HIV infected maternities was 83.4% (4999/5994), and increasing yearly, 77.2% (409/530) of 2005, 80.1% (720/899) of 2006, 83.8% (1053/1257) of 2007, 89.4% (1116/1249) of 2008, 82.6% (1701/2059) of 2009, the difference was significant (χ(2)(trend) = 13.0, P < 0.001). The general rate of exclusive breastfeeding was 92.9% (5276/5681) and the rate of HIV test in 18 months was 74.6% (2482/3324).

CONCLUSIONThe rate of HIV/AIDS counseling and test of general maternities is increasing and the proportion of mainly intervention measures have been increased year by year.

China ; Female ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; prevention & control ; Maternal Health Services ; Pregnancy