OBJECTIVES: Small enterprises have higher exposure to occupational hazards compared to larger enterprises and further, they have fewer resources to control the risks. In order to improve the working environment, development of efficient measures is therefore a major challenge for regulators and other stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to develop a systematic model for the design of tailored intervention programmes meeting the needs of small enterprises. METHODS: An important challenge for the design process is the transfer of knowledge from one context to another. The concept of realist analysis can provide insight into mechanisms by which intervention knowledge can be transferred from one context to another. We use this theoretical approach to develop a design model. RESULTS: The model consist of five steps: 1) Defining occupational health and safety challenges of the target group, 2) selecting methods to improve the working environment, 3) developing theories about mechanisms which motivate the target group, 4) analysing the specific context of the target group for small enterprise programmes including owner-management role, social relations, and the perception of the working environment, and 5) designing the intervention based on the preceding steps. We demonstrate how the design model can be applied in practice by the development of an intervention programme for small enterprises in the construction industry. CONCLUSION: The model provides a useful tool for a systematic design process. The model makes it transparent for both researchers and practitioners as to how existing knowledge can be used in the design of new intervention programmes.
Construction Industry ; Occupational Health

China ; Humans ; Industry ; Pneumoconiosis

Bio-based fiber is environment friendly, reproducible, easily biodegradable. Therefore, rapid development of bio-based fiber industry is an obvious in progress to replace petrochemical resources, develop sustainable economy, build resource saving and environment friendly society. This article describes the current development of bio-based fiber industry, analyzes existing problems, indicates the trends and objectives of bio-based fiber materials technology innovation and recommends developing bio-based fibers industry of our country.
Biotechnology ; Chemical Industry

BACKGROUND: Health and safety (H&S) on a construction site can either make or break a contractor, if not properly managed. The usage of Building Information Modeling (BIM) for H&S on construction execution has the potential to augment practitioner understanding of their sites, and by so doing reduce the probability of accidents. This research explores BIM usage within the construction industry in relation to H&S communication. METHODS: In addition to an extensive literature review, a questionnaire survey was conducted to gather information on the embedment of H&S planning with the BIM environment for site practitioners. RESULTS: The analysis of responses indicated that BIM will enhance the current approach of H&S planning for construction site personnel. CONCLUSION: From the survey, toolbox talk will have to be integrated with the BIM environment, because it is the predominantly used procedure for enhancing H&S issues within construction sites. The advantage is that personnel can visually understand H&S issues as work progresses during the toolbox talk onsite.
Construction Industry ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The development of new drugs and medical devices has been attributed to constant innovation, and the medical device industry in particular is growing faster than the drug industry. The medical device market in Korea is growing, with an average annual growth rate of 12.6% from 2006 to 2008. The production amount of medical devices categorized as Class 3 or Class 4 increased more rapidly than Class 1 or Class 2 with an increase in portion size. Clinical trials are a crucial process through which the safety and efficacy of medical devices is evaluated prior to allowing them to be used by the public. Recently, the approval rate of clinical trials for medical devices by the Korea Food & Drug Administration has increased, indicating that clinical trials that could be scientifically feasible and ethically justified were planned. To satisfy the increasing need for high quality clinical trials, a total of 6 medical device clinical trial center consortia have been designated by the Ministry of Health & Welfare as of July 2010. Medical devices take significantly less time to get to the market compared to drugs and there is much need for innovation. Therefore, the clinical trial market for new medical devices is expected to grow faster than previously forecast.
Drug Industry ; Korea

The application of enzymes has a high potential in the pulp and paper industry to improve the economics of the paper production process and to achieve, at the same time, a reduced environmental burden. Specific enzymes contribute to reduce the amount of chemicals, water and energy in various processes. This review is aimed at presenting the latest progresses of applying enzymes in bio-pulping, bio-bleaching, bio-deinking, enzymatic control of pitch and enzymatic modification of fibers.
Enzymes ; Industry ; Paper

No abstract available.
Drug Industry* ; Prescriptions*

No abstract available.
Drug Industry* ; Prescriptions*

BACKGROUND: In comparison with other industries, the construction industry still has a higher rate of fatal injuries, and thus, there is a need to apply new and innovative approaches for preventing accidents and promoting safe conditions at construction sites. METHODS: In this study, the effectiveness of a new incentive system-the surprising incentive system-was assessed. One year after the implementation of this new incentive system, behavioral changes of employees with respect to seven types of activities were observed. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between the new incentive system and the safety performance of frontline employees. The new incentive system had a greater positive impact in the first 6 months since its implementation. In the long term, however, safety performance experienced a gradual reduction. Based on previous studies, all activities selected in this study are important indicators of the safety conditions at workplaces. However, there is a need for a comprehensive and simple-to-apply tool for assessing frontline employees' safety performance. Shortening the intervals between incentives is more effective in promoting safety performance. CONCLUSION: The results of this study proved that the surprising incentive would improve the employees' safety performance just in the short term because the surprising value of the incentives dwindle over time. For this reason and to maintain the surprising value of the incentive system, the amount and types of incentives need to be evaluated and modified annually or biannually.
Construction Industry ; Motivation*

Pharmaceuticals industry is developing over the country. In a new tendency, pharmaceutical enterprises have trained staff and workers to meet new requirements as well as invested in infrastructure and modern equipment. These enterprises have registered to produce 7,569 medical completed products including 4,000 new medications which are resulted from 401 active ingredients. Revenues in 2004 reached 4,700 billion VND. However, Vietnam’s pharmaceutical industry is still limited and Vietnam ranks in forth group in world's pharmaceutical industry. Restrictions of Vietnam’s pharmaceutical industry are presented in two factors: pharmaceutical chemistry industry and pharmaceutical biological industry. In global’s competitive market with many unprecedented changes, Vietnamese enterprises in general and pharmaceutical enterprises in particular have a few competition advantages. Therefore, competition advantages should be created in the market. Factors of human resources and science – technology is very important, which is key foundation and motivation to help the pharmaceutical enterprises stablize and develop in current integration tendency
Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Industry