BACKGROUND: Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common problem in the patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. The release of serotonin during surgical procedure may induce PONV. We investigated if postoperative increase in plasma serotonin metabolite and genotype of serotonin receptor were associated with PONV after gynecologic laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: The patients who experienced nausea after gynecologic laparoscopic surgery (PONV group, n = 20) and who had no or mild nausea (control group, n = 20) were enrolled. Median value of nausea (100 mm visual analogue scale, VAS) was 0 (0-20) in control group and 60 (40-100) in PONV group (P < 0.001). Postoperative nausea was assessed during 1 hr in post-anesthetic care unit. Blood samples were obtained before anesthesia and 1 hr after surgery. Plasma serotonin metabolite (5-hydroxy indole acetic acid, 5-HIAA) was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. Perioperative change of plasma 5-HIAA and Pro16Ser genotypes were compared between groups. RESULTS: Average 5-HIAA concentration of all patients increased after surgery (3.65 +/- 0.90 to 4.36 +/- 1.17 ng/ml, P < 0.001). Baseline plasma 5-HIAA concentrations were similar between groups, but, 5-HIAA of PONV group increased higher after laparoscopic surgery compared with control group (3.69 +/- 0.89 to 4.62 +/- 1.12 ng/ml vs. 3.61 +/- 0.93 to 4.10 +/- 1.20 ng/ml, P = 0.03). Pro16Ser genotypes were not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The patients who experienced post-operative nausea showed more increase in 5-HIAA concentration. PONV after gynecologic laparoscopic surgery may be associated with a peripheral release of serotonin.
Acetic Acid ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ; Indoleacetic Acids ; Indoles ; Laparoscopy ; Nausea ; Plasma ; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting ; Serotonin ; Vomiting

No abstract available.
Indigo Carmine ; Indoles ; Skin

Abstract.
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine

Indigo carmine has been used for eight decades with few adverse effects. Several of our patients, however, experienced severe hypotensive episodes after indigo carmine administration within a period of one month. Analysis of the raw materials used to formulate the preparation of indigo carmine we used showed that they contained impurities. Following recall of these impure materials, none of our patients experienced further hypotensive episodes.
Humans ; Hypotension ; Indigo Carmine ; Indoles

The soaking and fermentation of Baphicacanthus cusia( Nees),the important intermediate link of Indigo Naturalis processing,facilitates the synthesis of indigo and indirubin precursors and the dissolution of endogenous enzymes and other effective components,while the role of microorganisms in the fermentation is ignored. The present study investigated the changes of microbial community structure in Indigo Naturalis processing based on 16 S amplicon sequencing and bioinformatics. Meanwhile,the contents of indigo,indirubin,isatin,tryptanthrin,indole glycoside,etc. were determined to explore the correlation between the microorganisms and the alterations of the main components. As demonstrated by the results,the microbial diversity decreased gradually with the fermentation,which bottomed out after the addition of lime. Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,and Firmicutes were the main dominant communities in the fermentation. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria declined gradually with the prolongation of fermentation time,and to the lowest level after the addition of lime. The relative abundance of Firmicutes increased,and that of Bacteroidetes decreased first and then increased. The contents of effective substances in Indigo Naturalis also showed different variation tendencies. As fermentation went on,indole glycoside decreased gradually; indigo first increased and then decreased; indirubin and isatin first decreased and then increased; tryptanthrin gradually increased. Those changes were presumedly related to the roles of microorganisms in the synthesis of different components. This study preliminarily clarified the important role of microorganisms in the soaking and fermentation and provided a scientific basis for the control of Indigo Naturalis processing and the preparation of high-quality Indigo Naturalis.
Fermentation ; Indigo Carmine ; Indigofera ; Indoles ; Microbiota

<b>OBJECTIVEb>To investigate the effect of auxins 2,4-D,IAA,IBA,NAA on induction of adventitious roots as well as that of IBA concentrations on the growth of adventitious roots and the accumulation of caffeic acid derivatives, with test-tube seedling leaves Echinacea pallida as the explant, and cultivate adventitious roots in bioreactors.

<b>RESULTb>1.0 mg x L(-1) IBA was found the best for the induction of adventitious roots, with the numer of induced adventitious roots up to 22. 5 in each culture dish. Among different concentrations for suspension cultivation of IBA tested, 1.0 mg x L(-1) IBA was found the most suitable for the growth of adventitious roots and the accumulation of caffeic acid derivatives. In a 5 L balloon type bubble bioreactor, 8.98 g x L(-1) dry weight was achieved after one month, which was 2.05 times of 4.38 g x L(-1) dry weight cultivated in a triangular flask. The content of echinacoside cultivated in a bioreactor was 14.08 mg x g(-1) DW, which was 2.4 times of cultivated roots. The contents of chlorogenic acid, chicoric acid and total caffeic acid derivatives were 4.0-25.6 times of ultivated roots.

<b>CONCLUSIONb>The study can provide high-quality biomedical drugs containing such caffeic acid derivatives as echinacoside for mass production of Echinacea purpurea medicines.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ; pharmacology ; Bioreactors ; Caffeic Acids ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Echinacea ; drug effects ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Indoleacetic Acids ; pharmacology ; Indoles ; pharmacology ; Naphthaleneacetic Acids ; pharmacology ; Plant Growth Regulators ; pharmacology ; Plant Leaves ; drug effects ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Plant Roots ; drug effects ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Seedlings ; drug effects ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Tissue Culture Techniques ; instrumentation ; methods

Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; Adrenochrome

Harmaline and harmine are β-carboline alkaloids with effective pharmacological effects. Harmaline can be transformed into harmine after oral administration. However, enzymes involved in the metabolic pathway remain unclear. In this study, harmaline was incubated with rat liver microsomes (RLM), rat brain microsomes (RBM), blood, plasma, broken blood cells, and heme peroxidases including horseradish peroxidase (HRP), lactoperoxidase (LPO), and myeloperoxidase (MPO). The production of harmine was determined by a validated UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. Results showed that heme peroxidases catalyzed the oxidative dehydrogenation of harmaline. All the reactions were in accordance with the Hill equation. The reaction was inhibited by ascorbic acid and excess H₂O₂. The transformation of harmaline to harmine was confirmed after incubation with blood, plasma, and broken blood cells, rather than RLM and RBM. Harmaline was incubated with blood, plasma, and broken cells liquid for 3 h, and the formation of harmine became stable. Results indicated an integrated metabolic pathway of harmaline, which will lay foundation for the oxidation reaction of dihydro-β-carboline. Moreover, the metabolic stability of harmaline in blood should not be ignored when the pharmacokinetics study of harmaline is carried out.
Animals ; Harmaline/metabolism* ; Harmine/metabolism* ; Heme ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Rats ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the feasibility and detection rates and clarify the most effective combination of injected tracer types for sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping in uterine cervical cancer in patients who have undergone laparoscopic surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). METHODS: A total of 119 patients with cervical cancer underwent SLN biopsy at radical hysterectomy using three types of tracers. The various factors related to side-specific detection rate, sensitivity, and false negative (FN) rate were analyzed. RESULTS: The SLN detection rates using 99m-technetium ((99m)Tc)-tin colloid, indigo carmine, and indocyanine green (ICG) were 85.8%, 20.2%, and 61.6%, respectively. The patients with ≥2-cm-diameter tumors and those who received NAC had lower detection rates than those with <2-cm-diameter tumors (75.7% vs. 91.5%, p<0.01) and those who did not receive NAC (67.9% vs. 86.3%, p<0.01), respectively. Laparoscopic procedures had a higher detection rate than laparotomy (100.0% vs. 77.1%, p<0.01). No factors significantly affected the sensitivity; however, the patients with ≥2-cm-diameter tumors (86.0% vs. 1.4%, p<0.01), NAC (19.4% vs. 2.2%, p<0.01), and those who underwent laparotomy (7.4% vs. 0%, p<0.01) had an unfavorable FN rate. CONCLUSION: Among the examined tracers, (99m)Tc had the highest detection of SLN mapping in patients with uterine cervical cancer. Patients with local advanced cervical cancer with/without NAC treatment might be unsuited for SLN mapping. SLN mapping is feasible and results in an excellent detection rate in patients with <2-cm-diameter cervical cancer. Laparoscopic surgery is the best procedure for SLN detection in patients with early-stage disease.
Biopsy ; Colloids* ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Indigo Carmine ; Indocyanine Green* ; Laparoscopy* ; Laparotomy ; Lymph Nodes* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

PURPOSE: To determine the diagnostic utility of a frozen section biopsy in patients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early gastric neoplasms with obscure margins even with chromoendoscopy using acetic acid and indigo carmine (AI chromoendoscopy). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The lateral spread of early gastric neoplasms was unclear even following AI chromoendoscopy in 38 patients who underwent ESD between June 2007 and May 2011. Frozen section biopsies were obtained by agreement of the degree of lateral spread between two endoscopists. Thus, frozen section biopsies were obtained from 23 patients (FBx group) and not in the other 15 patients (AI group). RESULTS: No significant differences were observed for size, histology, invasive depth, and location of lesions between the AI and FBx groups. No false positive or false negative results were observed in the frozen section diagnoses. Adenocarcinoma was revealed in three patients and tubular adenoma in one, thereby changing the delineation of lesion extent and achieving free lateral margins. The rates of free lateral resection margins and curative resection were significantly higher in the FBx group than those in the AI group. CONCLUSIONS: Frozen section biopsy can help endoscopists perform more safe and accurate ESD in patients with early gastric neoplasm.
Acetic Acid ; Adenocarcinoma ; Adenoma ; Biopsy ; Frozen Sections ; Humans ; Indigo Carmine ; Indoles ; Stomach Neoplasms