here have been continuing challenges to devaluate the moral status of early embryo. The preembryo-embryo distinction was mainly based on the lack of individuation. The term of preembryo was introduced by a frog embryologist and then was literally spread around the world because of policy reasons. The term "preembryo" has not yet been used in most medical textbooks including textbooks of human embryology. Preembryo is one period of continuum during human development and therefore should be regarded as valuable as an early form of human life. Preimplantation embryo is more accurate term for the early embryo.
Blastocyst ; Embryonic Structures ; Human Development ; Humans ; Individuation

here have been continuing challenges to devaluate the moral status of early embryo. The preembryo-embryo distinction was mainly based on the lack of individuation. The term of preembryo was introduced by a frog embryologist and then was literally spread around the world because of policy reasons. The term "preembryo" has not yet been used in most medical textbooks including textbooks of human embryology. Preembryo is one period of continuum during human development and therefore should be regarded as valuable as an early form of human life. Preimplantation embryo is more accurate term for the early embryo.
Blastocyst ; Embryonic Structures ; Human Development ; Humans ; Individuation

PURPOSE: The patient's perspective in the assessment of quality of care has become increasingly important. The purpose of this paper was to introduce the concept of 'QUality Of care Through patient's Eyes (QUOTE)', to analyze the papers using QUOTE through an integrative review method, and to present the attributes of the QUOTE evaluation. METHODS: Data were collected from electronic databases. Inclusion criteria were publication in English from 1997 to 2013, as a peer-reviewed research article, with an empirical study focused on QUOTE. Thirty two papers met the criteria and were analyzed. RESULTS: QUOTE had been applied to various groups of patients such as those with various diseases since 1997 in the Netherlands. Four themes were retrieved from synthetic analysis of the thirty-two papers using QUOTE; 1) acceptance of individuation of the patient and family, 2) evaluation of diverse nurses' competencies, 3) evaluation of quality of nursing environments, and 4) participation of patient in the whole process of evaluation. CONCLUSION: The strengths of QUOTE are that it attempts to overcome the conceptual and methodological problems associated with evaluation of quality of care. Our results imply that QUOTE evaluation could be an effective strategy to improve care of patients in clinical setting.
Humans ; Individuation ; Netherlands ; Nursing ; Publications ; Quality of Health Care

Harvesting stem cells is inevitably associated with destruction of early embryos. There have been continuing challenges to devaluate the moral status of early embryos. The distinction between preembryo and embryo was mainly based on the lack of individuation. The term preembryo had been introduced by a frog embryologist and then was literally spread around the world because of policy reasons. Thus the definition of preembryo is not yet complete and the term has not yet been used in most medical textbooks including textbooks of human embryology. Preembryo is a period during human development and therefore should be regarded as valuable as an early form of human life. Obtaining embryonic stem cells using SCNT (Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer) is often called therapeutic cloning as opposed to reproductive cloning that produces human beings by SCNT. Therapeutic cloning used same SCNT to produce human embryos, and therefore it is essentially a process of human cloning. Human cloning is prohibited in most of the world due to ethical issues. Cloning primates including humans using SCNT has not been successful, however, recently there has been a remarkable progress with the help of improved technology of therapeutic cloning. Other countries also recognize the enormous potentials of cloned embryonic stem cells, but no country other than Korea and the UK has allowed therapeutic cloning for fear of the "slippery slope" towards human reproductive cloning. Ongoing researches of therapeutic cloning should be monitored carefully and a broad consensus is needed before allowing further therapeutic cloning. Eventually more ethical ways of obtaining embryonic stem cells should be developed.
Clone Cells ; Cloning, Organism ; Consensus ; Embryology ; Embryonic Stem Cells* ; Embryonic Structures ; Ethics* ; Human Development ; Humans ; Individuation ; Korea ; Primates ; Stem Cell Research* ; Stem Cells

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between test anxiety and personality, self-esteem in grade one senior high school students.

METHODSTotally 538 senior high school students of grade one were investigated by Test Anxiety Scale (TAS), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and Self-Esteem Scale (SES) in a Senior High School in Shandong Province.

RESULTSThe prevalence of test anxiety among all the surveyed students was rated 65.2%. The Psychoticism (P) (51.60 +/- 9.66) or Neuroticism (N) (51.57 +/- 10.75) factor score of EPQ in students with test anxiety was significantly higher than that in students without test anxiety (48.07 +/- 8.62, 45.65 +/- 10.14) (P < 0.001), while the Extroversion or Introversion (E) score (50.76 +/- 11.09) was on the contrary (53.68 +/- 11.60) (P < 0.01). The total score of TAS was significantly positively related to the P (r = 0.14) and N (r = 0.36) factor score and significantly negatively related to the E factor score of EPQ (r = -0.15) (P < 0.001). The prevalence of test anxiety in introversive students (72.3%) was higher than that in extroversive students (53.2%) (P < 0.05), and that in students with unstable emotion (81.4%) and in students with apparent psychoticism (84.1%) were also higher than that in those with stable emotion (41.0%) and in those without psychoticism (57.7%) (P < 0.01). The total score of SES in students with test anxiety (29.12 +/- 4.41) was significantly lower than that in students without test anxiety (30.29 +/- 4.25) (P < 0.01). The total score of TAS was significantly negatively related to the total score of SES (r = -0.23) (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONTest anxiety should be related to the personality and self-esteem, and the prevalence of test anxiety in introversive, unstable emotional, apparent psychoticism or low self-esteem students should be higher.

Adolescent ; Anxiety ; psychology ; China ; Educational Measurement ; Female ; Humans ; Individuation ; Male ; Personality ; Self Concept ; Students ; psychology ; Test Anxiety Scale ; statistics & numerical data