Background and Objectives: Post-extubation dysphagia (PED) is a condition characterized by swallowing difficulty following the removal of breathing tube. Untreated dysphagia leads to increased morbidity and mortality; however, no study has been conducted on the proportion of PED at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM), using flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES), or on the factors that contribute to its occurrence.Subjects and Method Anamnesis and medical record review were conducted on post-extubation patients in the RSCM intensive care unit (ICU) meeting inclusion criteria. Research subjects underwent maximum phonation time (MPT) examination thrice. FEES examination was carried out twice, with 24 hours of post-extubation on all subjects and 72 hours of postextubation on those with PED on initial FEES examination. Results: The study involved 33 subjects who met the inclusion criteria. The proportion of mild to severe PED determined by FEES 24 hours after extubation was 66.7%, and those exhibiting laryngeal injury was 87.9%. The bivariate analysis revealed a significant correlation between the number of comorbidities, intubation duration, laryngeal injury severity, and MPT value with the incidence of PED in the RSCM ICU. Moreover, the multivariate analysis showed that the duration of intubation exceeding 24 hours had a statistically significant association with the incidence of PED (p=0.003; OR 15.30; 95% CI 2.46-95.19). Conclusion The proportion of mild to severe dysphagia in post-extubation patients in the RSCM ICU is quite high. Intubation duration exceeding 24 hours and having more than one comorbidity significantly contribute to the increased risk of dysphagia in post-extubated patients in the RSCM ICU.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The economic recession caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic disproportionately affected poor and vulnerable populations globally. Better uunderstanding of vulnerability to shocks in food supply and demand in the Asia Pacific region is needed. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Using secondary data from rapid assessment surveys during the pandemic response (n = 10,420 in mid-2020; n = 6,004 in mid-2021) in India, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Vietnam, this study examined the risk factors for reported income reduction or job loss in mid-2021 and the temporal trend in food security status (household food availability, and market availability and affordability of essential items) from mid-2020 to mid-2021. RESULTS: The proportion of job loss/reduced household income was highest in India (60.4%) and lowest in Indonesia (39.0%). Urban residence (odds ratio [OR] range, 2.20-4.11; countries with significant results only), female respondents (OR range, 1.40–1.69), engagement in daily waged labor (OR range, 1.54–1.68), and running a small trade/business (OR range, 1.66–2.71) were significantly associated with income reduction or job loss in three out of 4 countries (allP< 0.05). Food stock availability increased significantly in 2021 compared to 2020 in all four countries (OR range, 1.91–4.45) (all P < 0.05). Availability of all essential items at markets increased in India (OR range, 1.45–3.99) but decreased for basic foods, hygiene items, and medicine in Vietnam (OR range, 0.81–0.86) in 2021 compared to 2020 (all P < 0.05). In 2021, the affordability of all essential items significantly improved in India (OR range, 1.18–3.49) while the affordability of rent, health care, and loans deteriorated in Indonesia (OR range, 0.23–0.71) when compared to 2020 (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Long-term social protection programs need to be carefully designed and implemented to address food insecurity among vulnerable groups, considering each country’s market conditions, consumer food purchasing behaviors, and financial support capacity.