The purpose of this study was to discuss the history of, and concerns regarding, the newly amended criteria of occupational cerebrovascular or cardiovascular diseases (CCVDs). Since the early 1990s, CCVDs have been the second most common occupational disease, despite fluctuations in their criteria. The first issue was the deletion of cerebral hemorrhage on duty as a recognized occupational disease in 2008. The second issue was the obscurity regarding definitions of an acute stressful event (within 24 hr before disease occurrence), short-term overwork (within 1 week), and chronic overwork (for 3 or more months). In this amendment, chronic overwork was defined as work exceeding 60 hr per week. If the average number of weekly working hours does not exceed 60 hr, night work, physical or psychological workload, or other risk factors should be considered for the recognition of occupational CCVDs. However, these newly amended criteria still have a few limitations, considering that there is research evidence for the occurrence of disease in those working fewer than 60 hr per week, and other risk factors, particularly night work, are underestimated in these criteria. Thus, we suggest that these concerns be actively considered during future amendment and approval processes.
Cardiovascular Diseases/*economics ; Cerebrovascular Disorders/*economics ; Humans ; Insurance, Health/economics ; Occupational Diseases/*economics ; Organization and Administration ; Republic of Korea ; Work Capacity Evaluation ; Workers' Compensation/*economics ; *Workload

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a Progressive Walking program (PW) on physical activity, exercise tolerance, recovery, and post-operative complications for patients with a lung resection. METHODS: A nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design was utilized and 37 participants with a lung resection (22 for control group, 15 for experimental group) were recruited at A university hospital from December 2012 to August 2013. The PW consisted of preoperative education, goal setting, and feedback, provided to the experimental group, and usual care to the control group. Data were analyzed using the SPSS WIN 18.0. RESULTS: A higher proportion of patients in the experimental group showed adequate levels of physical activity (p=.001), shorter period of chest tube retention (< or = 7 days; p=.011), and shorter stay in the hospital (< or = 10 days; p=.036) than patients in the control group. Patients in the experimental group reported longer 6-minute walking distance (p=.032) and lower levels of dyspnea (p=.049) than patients in the control group. The PW did not influence the occurrence of pulmonary complications. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that the PW could be a useful strategy for improving patients' post-operative health and reducing cost after lung resection.
Aged ; Dyspnea/diagnosis ; Exercise Tolerance ; Female ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology/*surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Care ; Postoperative Complications ; Questionnaires ; Treatment Outcome ; *Walking

Due to the various toxic chemicals, accidents and job stress, the firefighter has been known as a dangerous job. However, in Korea, there is no proper system to improve their health or job fitness. The authors tried to look into the current state of occupational health problems of firefighters and to suggest some important points to improve their health and fitness for work. The injury incidence of firefighters was higher than that of other jobs and their life expectancy was shorter than any other public servants. Even though the health examination for firefighters was applied since 2004, there is no appropriate approach to examine the health and to assess the fitness for firefighting work. A standardized periodic special health examination based on their work conditions or health risks, for instance various chemicals, physical factors and psychosocial factors, is needed. We suggest that the other health examination system that firefighters can take a specialized health examination in case of uncommon situation to be a risk on health. In addition, the fitness test for injured or ill workers is necessary. As a conclusion, the comprehensive occupational health management system is necessary to make firefighters healthy and for the citizens' safety.
Firefighters ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Life Expectancy ; Occupational Health

Standards for the recognition of occupational diseases (ODs) in Korea were established in 1954 and have been amended several times. In 2013, there was a significant change in these standards. On the basis of scientific evidence and causality, the International Labour Organization list, European Commission schedule, and compensated cases in Korea were reviewed to revise the previous standards for the recognition of ODs in Korea. A disease-based approach using the International Classification of Diseases (10th version) was added on the previous standards, which were agent-specific approaches. The amended compensable occupational neurological disorders and occupational mental disorders (OMDs) in Korea are acute and chronic central nervous system (CNS) disorders, toxic neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, manganese-related disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Several agents including trichloroethylene (TCE), benzene, vinyl chloride, organotin, methyl bromide, and carbon monoxide (CO) were newly included as acute CNS disorders. TCE, lead, and mercury were newly included as chronic CNS disorders. Mercury, TCE, methyl n-butyl ketone, acrylamide, and arsenic were newly included in peripheral neuropathy. Post-traumatic stress disorders were newly included as the first OMD. This amendment makes the standard more comprehensive and practical. However, this amendment does not perfectly reflect the recent scientific progress and social concerns. Ongoing effort, research, and expert consensus are needed to improve the standard.
Female ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/chemically induced/*economics/pathology ; Nervous System Diseases/chemically induced/*economics/pathology ; Occupational Diseases/*economics ; Occupational Exposure ; Republic of Korea ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*economics ; Workers' Compensation/*economics

BACKGROUND: As job stress is associated with various diseases and psychiatric conditions, we aimed to estimate the job stress-attributable burden of disease in Korea based on the concept of disability-adjusted life years (DALY). METHODS: We selected ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, major depressive disorder (MDD), and suicide as health outcomes from job stress, because of the ease of access to data estimating burdens and of important meaning of them in Korean occupational background. RESULTS: Our findings demonstrated that approximately 21% of Korean workers were exposed to high job strain, which was attributable for approximately 6.7% of IHDs, 6.9% of strokes, 13.6% of MDDs, and 4% of suicides. In terms of job stress-attributable DALY, the burdens of disease per 100,000 people were 38 for IHD, 72 for stroke, 168 for MDDs, and 44 for suicides. CONCLUSION: The present findings suggested that one-fifth of Korean workers were suffering from high job strain. Although the figures may not be accurate due to several assumptions, job stress is an important risk factor for health in working environment in Korea.
Depressive Disorder, Major ; Korea* ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Risk Factors ; Stroke ; Suicide

The legal scope and criteria for occupational cancer in Korea was out of date. The aim of this study was to review the current criteria for occupational cancer and amend the existent criteria on the basis of recent scientific evidence. The scientific evidence and the legal list of occupational cancer were analyzed to identify the causes of occupational cancer on a global scale. The relationship between compensated occupational cancer cases and carcinogen exposure in Korea was examined. The factors associated with specific causes and target cancers were determined to produce additional criteria. Five-hundred and nineteen cases of 2,468 were awarded compensation for occupational cancer including lung, malignant mesothelioma, lymphohematopoietic, and liver cancers from January 2000 to October 2012. Between 1996 and 2005, benzene accounted for 84.4% of cases, and between 1999 and 2005, asbestos was associated with 62.3% of cases. Fourteen novel causative agents and 12 additional target cancers were identified and the final guidelines were amended to include 23 causative agents and 21 target cancers. This amendment of the criteria for occupational cancer represents the widest change in Korean history and is expected to improve the understanding of occupational cancer by providing an up-to-date and accurate reference guide.
Asbestos/toxicity ; Benzene/toxicity ; Carcinogens/toxicity ; Female ; Humans ; Insurance, Health/*economics ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms/chemically induced/*economics ; Occupational Diseases/*economics/mortality ; Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects ; Republic of Korea ; Workers' Compensation/*economics/legislation & jurisprudence/standards

Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (IACI) has a history of about 50 yr, and is the oldest social insurance system in Korea. After more than 20 times of revision improvements in benefits, its contents and claim systems have been upgraded. It became the protector of injured workers and their families, and at the same time became the system which could cope with both financial burden of employers and their responsibilities. However, there are some issues to be reformed to upgrade the IACI: 1) the problems in the approval system of occupational diseases, 2) quality improvement of workers' compensation medical care, 3) vocational rehabilitation and return to work, 4) workers' compensation premiums and out-of-pocket money of injured workers, 5) issues in application of IACI. Growth of IACI cannot be achieved by an effort of an individual. Efforts by workers, owners, and government, in addition to physicians and welfare professionals toward the same goal are required for the next level improvement of IACI.
Humans ; Industry/economics ; Insurance, Accident/*economics ; Occupational Diseases/economics ; Rehabilitation, Vocational/economics ; Workers' Compensation/*economics

Occupational cancers arise from exposure to carcinogenic agents during work activities and represent a significant public health challenge. In Korea, compensation for occupational cancers has been available since 1964, with asbestos related mesothelioma recognized in 1993. Estimating the population attributable fraction (PAF) using national surveys and epidemiological studies is critical for assessing regulatory impact and forecasting future disease burden.Current Concepts: The International Agency for Research on Cancer categorizes carcinogens into distinct groups, and nearly 47 agents have been identified as relevant to occupational exposures. Advanced assessment tools, including job exposure matrices and the CAREX (CARcinogen EXposure) program, have been developed to accurately estimate exposure prevalence across industries. Comparative studies from Korea, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Italy, and China indicate that the occupational cancer PAF ranges from approximately 1% to 8%. Notably, asbestos, welding fumes, diesel engineexhaust and emerging exposures such as night shift work are consistently recognized as major contributors to occupational cancer risk.Discussion and Conclusion: Although regulatory measures have successfully reduced exposure to several known carcinogens, long latency periods and evolving industrial practices continue to sustain the burden of occupational cancers. Incorporating detailed occupational histories in clinical assessments can facilitate early detection and targeted interventions. Ongoing refinement of exposure estimation methods and international collaboration remain essential for updating PAF calculations. Ultimately, proactive primary prevention and evidence-based regulatory policies are imperative to mitigate the impact of occupational carcinogens on cancer incidence and mortality. These findings underscore the urgency of continuous monitoring and targeted occupational health initiatives.

Occupational cancers arise from exposure to carcinogenic agents during work activities and represent a significant public health challenge. In Korea, compensation for occupational cancers has been available since 1964, with asbestos related mesothelioma recognized in 1993. Estimating the population attributable fraction (PAF) using national surveys and epidemiological studies is critical for assessing regulatory impact and forecasting future disease burden.Current Concepts: The International Agency for Research on Cancer categorizes carcinogens into distinct groups, and nearly 47 agents have been identified as relevant to occupational exposures. Advanced assessment tools, including job exposure matrices and the CAREX (CARcinogen EXposure) program, have been developed to accurately estimate exposure prevalence across industries. Comparative studies from Korea, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Italy, and China indicate that the occupational cancer PAF ranges from approximately 1% to 8%. Notably, asbestos, welding fumes, diesel engineexhaust and emerging exposures such as night shift work are consistently recognized as major contributors to occupational cancer risk.Discussion and Conclusion: Although regulatory measures have successfully reduced exposure to several known carcinogens, long latency periods and evolving industrial practices continue to sustain the burden of occupational cancers. Incorporating detailed occupational histories in clinical assessments can facilitate early detection and targeted interventions. Ongoing refinement of exposure estimation methods and international collaboration remain essential for updating PAF calculations. Ultimately, proactive primary prevention and evidence-based regulatory policies are imperative to mitigate the impact of occupational carcinogens on cancer incidence and mortality. These findings underscore the urgency of continuous monitoring and targeted occupational health initiatives.

Occupational cancers arise from exposure to carcinogenic agents during work activities and represent a significant public health challenge. In Korea, compensation for occupational cancers has been available since 1964, with asbestos related mesothelioma recognized in 1993. Estimating the population attributable fraction (PAF) using national surveys and epidemiological studies is critical for assessing regulatory impact and forecasting future disease burden.Current Concepts: The International Agency for Research on Cancer categorizes carcinogens into distinct groups, and nearly 47 agents have been identified as relevant to occupational exposures. Advanced assessment tools, including job exposure matrices and the CAREX (CARcinogen EXposure) program, have been developed to accurately estimate exposure prevalence across industries. Comparative studies from Korea, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Italy, and China indicate that the occupational cancer PAF ranges from approximately 1% to 8%. Notably, asbestos, welding fumes, diesel engineexhaust and emerging exposures such as night shift work are consistently recognized as major contributors to occupational cancer risk.Discussion and Conclusion: Although regulatory measures have successfully reduced exposure to several known carcinogens, long latency periods and evolving industrial practices continue to sustain the burden of occupational cancers. Incorporating detailed occupational histories in clinical assessments can facilitate early detection and targeted interventions. Ongoing refinement of exposure estimation methods and international collaboration remain essential for updating PAF calculations. Ultimately, proactive primary prevention and evidence-based regulatory policies are imperative to mitigate the impact of occupational carcinogens on cancer incidence and mortality. These findings underscore the urgency of continuous monitoring and targeted occupational health initiatives.