No abstract available.
Osteoblastoma* ; Paranasal Sinuses*

Missing values and outliers are frequently encountered while collecting data. The presence of missing values reduces the data available to be analyzed, compromising the statistical power of the study, and eventually the reliability of its results. In addition, it causes a significant bias in the results and degrades the efficiency of the data. Outliers significantly affect the process of estimating statistics (e.g., the average and standard deviation of a sample), resulting in overestimated or underestimated values. Therefore, the results of data analysis are considerably dependent on the ways in which the missing values and outliers are processed. In this regard, this review discusses the types of missing values, ways of identifying outliers, and dealing with the two.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Data Collection ; Statistics as Topic

PURPOSE: Displaced medial humeral epicondyle fractures with or without elbow dislocation have been treated with open reduction and fixation using K-wires or screws. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of surgical treatments of medial humeral epicondyle fracture without elbow dislocation according to the fixation methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients who had undergone open reduction and fixation of the displaced medial humeral epicondyle fracture without elbow dislocation were included. Group I consisted of 21 patients who underwent fixation with K-wires, and Group II comprised 10 patients who underwent fixation with cannulated screws. Immediate postoperative, final follow-up and normal anteroposterior radiographs were compared and the clinical outcome was assessed using the final Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) elbow assessment score. RESULTS: On the immediate postoperative radiographs, the distal humeral width in Group II was larger than that in Group I. On the final follow-up radiographs, the epicondylar position in Group I was lower than that in Group II. There was no significant difference in the distal humeral width, epicondylar position and joint space tilt between the immediate postoperative, final follow-up radiographs and the normal side within each group. There was no significant difference in the final JOA score between groups. CONCLUSION: Open reduction followed by K-wire fixation or screw fixation of the displaced medial humeral epicondyle fracture without elbow dislocation in older children and adolescents resulted in improved radiologic outcome and good elbow function in spite of diverse radiologic deformities.
Adolescent ; Bone Screws ; Bone Wires ; Child ; Dislocations/*prevention & control ; Elbow Joint/*pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Humeral Fractures/*surgery ; Male

PURPOSE: To compare clinical outcomes of the tumor prosthetic replacement and osteosynthetic fixation for pathologic fracture of skeletal metastatic lesion of the proximal femur. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1994 May to 2009 May, medical records of 22 patients who underwent tumor prosthetic replacement with tumor resection (group 1) and 15 others (16 hips) who underwent osteosynthetic fixation without tumor resection (group 2) were reviewed. The mean age of overall patients were 59 (group 1) and 60 (group 2). Mean follow up periods were 23 and 11 months. The oncological and functional results were evaluated with Kaplan-Meier methods and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) scoring system, 1993. The statistical evaluation was assessed with Log rank test and t-test. RESULTS: The mean survival periods were 24 months in group 1 and 11months in group 2. The 1 year survival rates were 86% in group 1 and 50 % in group 2, and 2 year survival rates were 29.7% in group 1 and 9.4% in group 2. The mean MSTS functional score were 26.4 (19-30), 87.9% in group 1 and 15.3 (10-23), 51.0% in group 2. CONCLUSION: The results of tumor resection and prosthetic replacement in selected cases was better than osteosynthetic fixation without tumor resection for metastatic bone tumors around proximal femur in oncological and functional aspects.
Femur ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Spontaneous ; Humans ; Joints ; Medical Records ; Survival Rate

We report a case of type IV hyperlipoproteinemia associated with xanthoma tuberosum and diabets mellitus in a 48 year old female patient. She had several yellowish-brown papules on the knees and palms. The blood glucose level was elevated and serum lipid and lipoprotein analysis revealed patterns of type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. Histopathologic findings of yellowish-brown papules on the knee showed the aggregation of foam cells in the dermis. She has been treated with diet control and hypolipidemic drug(lovastatin and procetofen) and is under our continuing supervision.
Blood Glucose ; Dermis ; Diabetes Mellitus* ; Diet ; Female ; Foam Cells ; Humans ; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV* ; Knee ; Lipoproteins ; Middle Aged ; Organization and Administration ; Xanthomatosis*

According to the central limit theorem, the means of a random sample of size, n, from a population with mean, µ, and variance, σ², distribute normally with mean, µ, and variance, σ²/n. Using the central limit theorem, a variety of parametric tests have been developed under assumptions about the parameters that determine the population probability distribution. Compared to non-parametric tests, which do not require any assumptions about the population probability distribution, parametric tests produce more accurate and precise estimates with higher statistical powers. However, many medical researchers use parametric tests to present their data without knowledge of the contribution of the central limit theorem to the development of such tests. Thus, this review presents the basic concepts of the central limit theorem and its role in binomial distributions and the Student's t-test, and provides an example of the sampling distributions of small populations. A proof of the central limit theorem is also described with the mathematical concepts required for its near-complete understanding.
Mathematical Concepts ; Normal Distribution ; Statistical Distributions

Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement and posture that arises from a congenital or acquired lesion of the immature brain. While the underlying cause is static, the musculoskeletal manifestations are progressive overtime. A variety of gait abnormalities are common, and orthopedic surgery typically is indicated when contractures or deformities decrease functions, cause pain, or interfere with activities of daily life. Surgical procedures should be scheduled to minimize the number of hospitalizations and interference with school and social activities. They can be divided into several groups of procedures; (1) to correct static or dynamic deformity, (2) balance muscle power across a joint, (3) reduce spasticity, and (4) stabilize uncontrollable joints. The clinical decision-making paradigm, consisting of clinical history, physical examination, diagnostic imaging, quantitative gait analysis, and examination under anesthesia makes it possible for single stage multi-level surgeries to reduce the long-term morbidity.
Anesthesia ; Brain ; Cerebral Palsy ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Contracture ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Gait ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Joints ; Muscle Spasticity ; Muscles ; Orthopedics ; Paralysis ; Physical Examination ; Posture ; Walking

No abstract available.
Otitis Media* ; Otitis*

The mechanism of vasodilation induced by fentanyl was investigated using isolated rat thoracic aortic rings. Rings were contracted with norepinephrine(10(-7) M, NE) and potassium chloride(40 mM, KC1) with and without endothelium Fentanyl (10(-9)-10(-5) M) produced dose-dependent relaxation and had no significant effect from endothelium(intact and denuded rings, test with 3X10(-4) M LNAME, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester). Pretreatment of indomethacin(2.5X10(-3) M, inhibitor of cyclooxygenase) failed to influence of cumulative dose-response curves. RD(50)(50% relaxation dose) and KC1/NE ratio as potency difference of fentanyl, verapamil(10(-8)-10(-5) M, Ca2+ channel blocker), nitroglycerin(10(-10)-10(-5) M, activator of guanylate cyclase) were not similar. Fentanyl and control(distilled water) were not demonstrated any different contraction produced by incremental addition of Ca2+ to aortic rings exposed to Ca2+ free, K+ -depolarized(100 mM KCl) solution(extracellular Ca2+ influx). But fentanyl had effect on intracellular Ca2+ release elicited by caffeine(20 mM) and NE(10(-7) M) indicated by dose-dependent inhibition of contraction in Ca2+ free solution. We conclude that, in rat aorta, fentanyl-induced relaxation is endothelium-independent but mediated by inhibition of alpha-adrenoceptors operated intracellular Ca2+ release (inhibition of contraction by NE) and caffeine-induced Ca2+ release from store.
Animals ; Aorta* ; Endothelium ; Fentanyl* ; Muscle, Smooth* ; Potassium ; Rats* ; Relaxation* ; Vasodilation

PURPOSE: To report two cases of successful acellular dermal allograft transplantation for scleromalacia following pterygium excision. CASE SUMMARY: A 72-year-old female patient developed scleromalacia on the nasal side of the right eye, and a 79-year-old female patient developed scleromalacia with inflammation on the nasal side of the left eye. They had previous histories of pterigia removal on the sites of scleromalacia. Acellular dermal allograft (AlloDerm(R), Lifecell, NJ, USA) transplantations were done. After the operations, inflammation and pain ameliorated and the grafts survived without any particular complications. CONCLUSIONS: In treating scleromalacia, the transplantation of acellular dermal allografts produced relatively satisfactory results without undesirable problems commonly encountered when using conventional materials.
Aged ; Eye ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Pterygium ; Transplantation, Homologous ; Transplants