It is well known that effect of roentgen rays upon skeletal system in human and animal causes those following pathologic changes, such as, osteitis, bony necrosis, pathological fracture, alteration of growth and malignant tumor etc. Recently the clinical application of roentgen rays are gradually increased for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment in various spinal disorders. Many investigators, for a long period, since Perthes attracted his studies toward bony dysplasia due to effect of roentgen rays in 1903, reported the effects of roentgen ray upon skeletal system. Tribondeau and Recamier reported the first microscopic study of irradiated bone, and concluded that roentgen ray caused stunting of growth but that no histological changes were demonstrated. It is difficult to find out the literature of histological study of growing bone, but except for the studies of Hinkel, Barr and associated in 1943 and particularly, as far as authors knowledge is concerned, there is few report concerning the effect of roentgen rays upon growing spine. Author interested in the effect of roentgen rays upon growing spine, especially vertebral diaphyseal plate, disc and bone marrow, and had an experimentation of effect on roentgen rays upon the growing spines in fourty immature rabbits. Fourty immature rabbits, age ranged between 4 to 8 weeks and weighted between 500 to 700gm. and fed by the routine animal diet. All rabbits were equally divided into 4 groups; Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4. Those rabbits except normal control Goup 1 were irradiated by roentgen ray respectively by various single of 500 R(air), 1000 R, and 3000 R, under condition of 100 K.V.P., 10 M.A., 0.5 mm. copper plus 1.0 mm. alminium filter, 25 cm. distance, and the irradiated time was calculated by 120 R/min, Roengen rays focused on the 12th thoracic vertebral disc, including it's proximal and distal vertebral bodies, and the remaining area were shieled by lead plate with 5.0mm. in thickness and covered by non-radio infiltrable sand bag surrounding the bilateral sides of body, in order not to be exposured by roentgen rays. The method and doses of roentgen rays were followings, such as for Group 2; 6 times of a single of 500R, each radiated by every 3–4th days, Group 3; 3 times of single dose of 1000R each radiated weekly and Group 4; a single dose of 3000R radiated at once. The irradiated rabbits were sacrificed after one month from the day of the last irradiation, and all specimens of 12th thoracic disc and it's neighboured vertebral bodies were removed from the spine and decalcified in nitric acid fixed in paraffin and stained by hematoxylin-eosin. The histological findings of specimen were observed in 3 areas of the vertebral diaphyseal plate, bone marrow and disc and following conclusion were obtained in each area through all groups. 1. Vertebral diaphyseal plate; Columnar disarrangement and the formation of bony plate in the subchondral area were main findings. A) Columnar disarrangement of the group 3 and 4 were worse than Group 2, but no difference between Group 3 and 4. B) The bony plate in the subchondral area of Group 3 and 4 revealed more like acellular with irregular cement lines like mosaic formation. C) The severity of subchondral bony formation revealed no difference among all irradiated 3 groups. (Group 2, 3 and 4) 2. Vertebral body; Decreased hematopoietic cells, extravasation of red bood cells and fibrosis in marrow were main findings. A) The diminished hematopoietic cells were proportionally increased relating to a single dose of roentgen ray. B) The severity of extravasation of red blood cells were not related to a single dose of roentgen ray. C) Myelofibrosis were proportionally changed to increased single dose of roentgen ray. 3. No particular findings of disc were observed among irradiated groups except minor change of hyperchromacity, pyknosis of notochordal cells and expansivility of nucleus pulposus.
Animals ; Bone Marrow ; Bone Plates ; Copper ; Diagnosis ; Diet ; Erythrocytes ; Fibrosis ; Fractures, Spontaneous ; Growth Disorders ; Humans ; Methods ; Necrosis ; Nitric Acid ; Notochord ; Osteitis ; Paraffin ; Primary Myelofibrosis ; Rabbits ; Research Personnel ; Spine

The effect of surgical traumata upon the epiphyseal plate of the growing bone has been controversial among many authors. The resultant deformity subsequent to the epiphyseal plate injury-yields numerous different pattens and any of the explarations of the pathogenesis is also not accepted for all. Therefore, the author made an experiment to elucidate more clearly the histological changes of the epiphyseal plate of immature rabbits following insertion of Kirschner-wire and screw. Thirty rabbits weighing 700–1200gm were divided into 2 groups, as following snd the direction of longitudinal insertion from articular surface of the epiphysis of the distal femur. Group 1: lnsertion of Kirschner-wire Group 2: Insertion of screw The animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 weeks after the operative procedure and the histological examination of the injured epiphyseal plate of distal femur were made. The summary of the histological findings were follows: 1. The margin of the epiphyseal plate adjoining the Kirschner wire showed a new osseous tissue which formed a bony bridge running from the epiphysis to the metaphyseal bony trabeculae. 2. The margin of the damaged epiphyseal plate adjoining the screw revealed new bone formation and the amounts of the reactive new bone is less than Kirschner-wire. 3. Histological findings of the epiphyseal plate showed to be uniform and normal except in the adjacent area of the Kirschner-wire and screw.
Animals ; Clothing ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Epiphyses ; Femur ; Growth Plate ; Osteogenesis ; Rabbits ; Running ; Surgical Procedures, Operative

PURPOSE: The neuophils contribute as an important defence mechanism against bacterial infection. In neonates with infection, not only the number of neutrophils are decreased due to inhibited production but also phagocytic function is impaired resulting in high mortality rate. The purpose of this study is to establish the effectiveness of exogenous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in infected neonates by comparing the serum levels of GM-CSF and various hematologic paratmeters in non-infected and infected neonates. METHODS: The study included 50 neonates without infection and 23 neonates with infection who were admitted to neonatal intensive care unit of Chungnam National University Hospital in between May 1998 and February 1999. The total number of white blood cell (WBC) counts, absolute granulocyte counts (AGC) and the serum GM-CSF concentration at birth were measured in non-infected neonates and they were stratified according to birth weight and gestational age. The total number of WBC counts, AGC and the serum GM-CSF concentration at postnatal 7th and 14th day were measured and compared with that of infected neonate's. Neonates with infection were divided either to receive exogenous GM-CSF & antibiotics or antibiotics only; The total number of WBC counts, AGC and the serum GM-CSF concentration at post-treatment 2nd and 7th day were measured and compared. RESULTS: Decreased total number of WBC counts, AGC and the serum GM-CSF concentration at birth were observed with lower birth weight and gestational age. In infected neonates, the total number of WBC counts, AGC and the serum GM-CSF concentration increased more when compared with that of non-infected neonates. Tendency towards increased total number of WBC counts, AGC and the serum GM-CSF concentration were observed after exogenous GM-CSF treatment. CONCLUSION: We recommend the use of GM-CSF in neonates with infection, especially those without increasing total WBC counts, and absolute granulocyte count as a norrnal physiological response.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacterial Infections ; Birth Weight ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Gestational Age ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor ; Granulocytes* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Leukocytes ; Macrophages* ; Mortality ; Neutrophils ; Parturition

No abstract available.
Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary

BACKGROUND: Most studies of Mycoplasma pneumonia involve a group of admitted patients in hospital, usually with major medical illness. So we investigated the epidemiologic and radiologic features during the course of outbreak of pneumonia in Chunnam coastal area. METHODS: We retrospectively studied the epidemiologic and clinical feature of 105 patients with serologically proven Mycoplasma pneumonia treated at Kwang-Yang Hospital during a epidemic period of Jun. 1993 to Dec. 1993. All cases of pneumonia developed in this period were also reviewed and compared with serologically proven group. RESULTS: 1) There were 63 males and 42 females. 2) More than half(57%) of cases belonged to 5-9 years of age group, and mean age was 6.5 years old. Mean age was steadily decreased as prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumonia had been subsided. 3) A major determinant of the outbreak seemed to .to the population density rather than the population size. 4) The common radiologic features were interstitial in type, and 67 cases was restricted to one lobe. Lobar types are more common in late childhood, and interstitial or diffuse types in early childhood. CONCLUSION: These epidemiologic and radiographic characteristics would contribute to the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumonia.
Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae* ; Mycoplasma* ; Pneumonia* ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma* ; Population Density ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies

The significance of measurement of the spinal canal size was well recognized in case of detection of intraspinal tumor as well as diagnosis of spinal stenosis. The measurement of sagittal diameter of the lumber spinal canal by plain x-ray film is not always easy. However, the new method designed by Eisenstein made the measurement of sagittal diameter of the lumber spinal canal by plain x-ray film very easy. In order to study the range of normal values of the sagittal diameter of lumber spinal canal in Korean adults, authors measured antero-posterior and transverse diameter of the lumbar spinal canal in 290 normal Korean adults by Eisensteins method. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Mean values of sagittal diameter of the normal Korean adults male was 17.37±1.05mm at Ll, 16.43±1.12mm at L2, 15.89±1.20mm at L3, 15.45±1.24mm at L4, and 17.34±1.13mm at L5 vertebra and in female, 17.41±1.23mm at Ll, 16.45±1.20mm at L2, 16.14±1.41mm at L3, 15.40±1.32mm at L4, and 17.25±1.20mm at L5 vertebra. 2. Mean values of transverse diameter of the normal Korean adults male was 23.54±1.18mm at Ll, 24.61±1.17mm at L2, 25.78±1.41mm at L3, 27.72±1.86mm at L4, and 30.42±2.23mm at L5 vertebra and in female, 23.06±1.45mm at Ll, 23.90±1.48mm at L2, 25.21±1.53mm at L3, 26.62±1.88mm at L4, and 29.70±2.41mm at L5 vertebra. 3. In transverse diameter, it was increased more and more to the lower lumber level, the widest at L5 vertebra. 4. In sagittal diameter, it was decreased less and less to the lower lumbar level, the narrowest at L4, and increased again at L5 vertebra. 5. The difference of sagittal and transverse diameter of lumbar spinal canal at each level of lumbar spine was very significant statistically. 6. The difference of the transverse diameter of the lumber spinal canal between male and female was significant statistically but that of the sagittal diameter was not. 7. The difference of the sagittal and transverse diameter between each age group was not significant statistically.
Adult ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Methods ; Reference Values ; Spinal Canal ; Spinal Stenosis ; Spine ; X-Ray Film

The stability of the Knowles pinning in the intertrochanteric fractures of the femur was studied to determine which state would best support the load and compared with that of others. Experimental stable and unstable four-part fractures of the intertrochanteric region were produced by manual straight cut in 20 embalmed adult femora. These fracture were stabilized using accurate or inaccurate reduction combined with implant of Knowles pin parallel to calcar femorale or femoral neck. Those specimen were examined for the maximum load supported with the Universal Testing Machine. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Those femora of stable fracture with accurate reduction and Knowles pinning parallel to calcar femorale were failed by load of 140±13kg. 2. Those femora of stable fracture with accurate reduction and Knowles pinning parallel to femoral neck were failed by load of 120±11 kg. 3. Those femora of stable fracture with minimal displacement and Knowles pinning parallel to calcar femorale were failed by load of 110±10.4kg. 4. Those femora of unstable four-part fracture with accurate reduction and Knowles pinning parallel to calcar femorale were failed by 80±9kg.
Adult ; Femur Neck ; Femur ; Hip Fractures ; Humans

Between Aug. 1982 and Aug. 1983, computed tomographies of 52 patients with low back pain or low back pain with sciatica were performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University Medical College Hospital. All scans for patients were done on the Siemens Somatom II in the supine position. The auther studied level of hemiated disc, the measurement of herniation of the nucleus pulposus and buldging of the annulus fibrous in the midsagittal line. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Of all 52 patients with low back pain, 34 patients(65.4%) are interpreted as revealing herniated nucleus pulposus or buldging of the annulus, and the others demonstrated the different abnormality of lumbar spine. 2. Among 34'patients with buldging or herniated nucleus pulposus, 16 cases are noted at L4-L5, 12 at L5-S1, 6 at L4-L5 and L5-S1, respectively. 3. Mean size of herniated nucleus pulposus or buldging annulus in patients diagnosed as HNP are 1.04±0. 600 mm at L3-L4, 2.83±1.345 mm at L4-L5, 2.32±1.207 mm at L5±S1 and in patients diagnosed as other different diseases are 0.98±0.668 mm at L4-L5 1 .04+ 0.689 mm at L4-L5,1.03±0.489 mm at L5-S1.
Humans ; Korea ; Low Back Pain ; Sciatica ; Spine ; Supine Position

The purpose of this study was to investigate that there was any differences of uptake ratio of Tc99-m-MDP during the healing process related to fracture level in tibia. Thirty mature rabbits were devided into three groups and each group consisted of ten rabbits. The osteotomy was performed at the proximal third of tibia in group I, at the middle third in group II and at the distal third in group III, respectively. After fracture was reduced, the fractured tibia was fixed with K-wire and immobilized with long leg cast. Serial Tc-99m-MDP scintigraphy with pixel counting method was performed in thirty cases of tibial shaft fracture from one day to eight weeks after fracture. The results obtained were as follows: l. In group I, the mean uptake ratio of Tc-99m-MDP at fracture site was 1.40±0.45 at two days after fracture, 3.34±1.21 at two weeks and increased rapidly to a maximal value of 7.51%1.01 at three weeks and decreased thereafter to 4.530.83 at eight weeks. 2. In group II, the mean uptake ratio was 1.10±0.10 at three days, 3.931.±10 at three weeks and increased rapidly to a maximal value of 7.37±2.21 at four weeks and decreased thereafter to 4.54±0.96 at eight weeks. 3. In group III, the mean uptake ratio was 1.13 ± 0.11 at three days, 3.95±0.93 at three weeks and increased rapidly to a maximal value of 7.43±1.72 at four weeks and decreased thereafter to 4.69±0.93 at eight weeks. These experiments suggest that the changes of Tc-99m-MDP scintigraphy in the proximal third fractures of tibia was earlier than middle or distal third fractures and there was no differences between middle and distal third fractures of the tibia.
Leg ; Methods ; Osteotomy ; Rabbits ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Tibia

No abstract available.
Laparotomy* ; Nephrectomy*