No abstract available.
Colorectal Neoplasms*

No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Estrous Cycle* ; Mice* ; Pituitary Gland, Anterior* ; Prolactin*

No abstract available.
Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone* ; Humans* ; Immunohistochemistry* ; In Situ Hybridization* ; Ovary* ; RNA, Messenger*

No abstract available.
Oropharynx* ; Tongue*

BACKGROUND : The incidence of breast cancer has steadily increased through the years. The establishment of the cause of breast cancer plays an important role for the diagnosis, management and prevention of breast cancer. METHODS : We analysed 241 cases of breast cancer that were treated during the 13 years from January 1985 to December 1997 at the Department of General Surgery, Inje University Paik Hospital, Seoul. RESULTS : The peak incidence of breast cancer was in the 5th decade (100 cases, 41.5%). The most common age of menarche ranged from 14 to 20 years (89.9%). The most common age of first full-term delivery ranged from 25 to 29 years (54.5%). The normal group was the most frequent body mass index (156 cases, 65.8%). The most common chief complaint was a painless palpable breast mass (166 cases, 68.9%). Most patients (181 cases, 75.1%) visited the hospital within 6 months of developing symptoms. The upper outer quadrant was the most frequent location for breast cancer (146 cases, 60.6%). The most common type of operative technique was a modified radical mastectomy (225 cases, 93.4%). The most common size of the breast mass ranged from 2 to 5 cm (151 cases, 62.7%). A pathologically positive axillary lymph node was present in 122 cases (52.4%). The predominant type of pathological classi fication was invasive ductal carcinoma (215 cases, 90.7%). According to the TNM system, the most common stage was stage II (161 cases, 66.8%). The five-year survival rates for the patients in stages I, II, III were 96.7%, 82.2%, 68.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : We conclude that women with mass or mass-related symptoms needed more careful evaluation and aggressive approaches for discovering breast cancer.
Body Mass Index ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lymph Nodes ; Mastectomy, Modified Radical ; Menarche ; Seoul ; Survival Rate

Soft-tissue sarcomas account for 1% of all solid tumors. Of these, less than 15% will occur in the retroperitoneum. Late diagnosis and large tumor size make retroperitoneal sarcomas difficult to resect. Resection with wide margins in all directions is rarely possible owing to proximity to vital structures. Radiation therapy is limited in dosage and, as with chemotherapy, has only been successful in a limited number of cases. These problems result in a poor prognosis. A series of patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma was reviewed with a focus on issues of surgical management and prognostic factors. A retrospective analysis of 12 patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas who had undergone operations at the Department of Surgery, Inje University Paik Hospital, Seoul, from 1980 through 1996 was performed. The mean age of the 10 adult patients was 51 years; the male-to-female ratio was 2:1. Eighty-three percent of the patients presented with an abdominal mass. The mean diameter of the tumors was 18.3 cm. Leimyosarcomas(33%) and liposarcomas(25%) comprised the majority of the histologic types. The tumor grades were I, II, and III in 3 cases each. Resection of the tumor was possible in 75%(9/12) of the cases, although 17% of the resections were incomplete. Resection of adjacent organs was required in 66% of the cases. The resectability rose from 60% in 80s to 86% in 90s, with no statistical significance, possibly due to the small number of cases in this series. There was no postoperative morbidity or mortality. Actuarial 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates after resection were 75%, 60%, and 30%, respectively. Four of the 7(57%) patients who underwent complete resections had recurrence 3 to 33 months after surgery; this was notable for grade II or III tumors only. Two patients with grade I tumors are alive 65 and 102 months respectively after complete resection and show no evidence of the disease. One patient who underwent an incomplete resection of the tumor died 50 months after the operation. Only the tumor grade was a significant prognostic factor(p=0.0207). In conclusion, a wide en-bloc resection of a retroperitoneal sarcoma with a clear margin in all directions is a prerequisite for long-term survival. Aggressive follow-up for the first 3 years after a complete resection of a high-grade tumor is justified.
Adult ; Delayed Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mortality ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Sarcoma* ; Seoul ; Survival Rate

The detection of even microscopic amounts of blood in a child's urine, whether accompanied by symptoms or asymptomatic, alarms the patient, parents, and physician, and often prompts the performance of many laboratory studies. Hematuria is one of the most important signs of renal or bladder disease, but proteinuria is a more important diagnostic and prognostic finding, except in the case of calculi or malignancies. Hematuria is almost never a cause of anemia. Primary care physicians frequently encounter children with hematuria. Among children presenting to a pediatric emergency clinic, gross hematuria was found an incidence of 1.3 per 1000. Microscopic hematuria in children is much more common, with a prevalence rate between 1 and 4%. The pediatricians should ensure that serious conditions are not overlooked, while avoiding the performance of unnecessary and often expensive laboratory studies, and provide guidelines for additional studies if there is a change in the child's course. This article provides a stepwise approach to the evaluation and management of hematuria in a child.
Anemia ; Calculi ; Child* ; Emergencies ; Hematuria* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Parents ; Physicians, Primary Care ; Prevalence ; Proteinuria ; Urinary Bladder Diseases

Tubulointerstitial (TI) fibrosis is a final common pathway to progressive renal injury of all forms of renal disease. However, once renal damage reaches a certain threshold, progression of renal disease is consistent, irreversible, and largely independent of the initial injury. Angiotensin (AT) II is the main effector of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and effects that may contribute to the onset and progression of renal damage. AT II may also directly contribute to accelerate renal damage by sustaining cell growth, inflammation, and fibrosis. Interventions that inhibit the activity of the RAS are renoprotective and may retard or even halt the progression of chronic nephropathies. Unilateral ureteral obstruction suggested as a well-established experimental model of progressive interstitial expansion and fibrosis. Although technically challenging, some investigators have successfully relieved the obstruction and reported significant reduction in interstitial fibrosis severity. Drugs that modulate the RAS, such as ACE inhibitors and angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonists, have demonstrated protective renal effects and can ameliorate fibrosis. However, neither ACE inhibitor nor AT1 receptor blockade completely suppresses progression of renal disease. Dual blockade of the RAS with ACE inhibitors and AT1 receptor blockers may provide renal benefit beyond therapy with either drug alone, due to their potential additive beneficial effect.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; Angiotensins* ; Fibrosis* ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Models, Theoretical ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Research Personnel ; Ureteral Obstruction

PURPOSE: To evaluate the imaging findings of abdominal wall endometriosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In seven of 17 patients with surgically proven endometriosis of the abdominal wall, we retrospectively reviewed the findings of radiologic studies such as abdominal US (n=3), CT (n=4), and MRI (n=1). One patient under went more than one type of imaging, apparently. The surgical history of the seven, and their symptoms and preoperative diagnosis were reviewed, and the size, location, margin and nature of the mass, and the contrast enhancement patterns observed at radiologic studies, were assessed. RESULTS: The chief symptoms were palpable abdominal wall mass (n=5) and lower abdominal pain (n=2) around a surgical scar. Previous surgery included cesarean section (n=5), cesarean section with oophrectomy (n=1) and appendectomy (n=1). Masses were located in the subcutaneous fat layer (n=5) or rectus abdominis muscle (n=2), and their maximum diameter was 2.6 cm . Imaging findings, which correlated closely with the pathologic findings, included a well (n=5) or poorly marginated (n=2) solid mass, with a focal cystic area apparent in two cases. CONCLUSION: Although imaging findings of abdominal wall endometriosis may not be specific for diagnosis, the presence of a solid abdominal mass in female patients of reproductive age with a history of surgery is a diagnostic pointer.
Abdominal Pain ; Abdominal Wall* ; Appendectomy ; Cesarean Section ; Cicatrix ; Diagnosis ; Endometriosis* ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pregnancy ; Rectus Abdominis ; Retrospective Studies ; Subcutaneous Fat