No abstract available.
Animals* ; Brain* ; Hypothermia* ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling* ; Models, Animal*

PURPOSE: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to exist chemo preventive activity against colon cancers. In this study, we examined whether salicylate affects the survival of A549 cells, and investigated the presence of apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used A549 human lung cancer cell line. The measurement of cytotoxic concentration of salicylate was performed by MTT assay method. In order to test the involvement of apoptosis, we performed TUNEL assay, DAPI staining, flow cytometric analysis and RT-PCR. RESULTS: We showed that salicylate can potently induce apoptosis in A549 cells. A549 cells under went apoptosis in treatment with salicylate at pharmacological concentration (5 mM). CONCLUSION: Herein, our data provide a potential mechanism for chemopreventive activity of salicylate and suggest that salicylate may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of lung cancer.
Apoptosis* ; Cell Line ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Humans ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Lung Neoplasms

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to examine whether meniscal degeneration in human osteoarthritis(OA) was related with the occurrence of apoptosis, the expression of nitrotyrosine and Fas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Menisci were obtained from OA patients undergoing total knee replacement arthroplasty and from normal subjects who were operated an above knee amputaton. According to histologic degeneration, menisci were graded to normal, grade 1(mild), grade 2(moderate), and grade 3(severe). Apoptotic cells were identified by TUNEL method and electron microscopy. Meniscal sections were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the presence of nitrotyrosine and Fas expression. RESULTS: The number of apoptotic cells were significantly increased in OA meniscus compared with normal meniscus(p < 0.05). The number of apoptotic cells were increased with tissue degeneration. On electron microscopy, the typical chromatin condensation in the OA meniscus was shown in apoptotic cell. The number of Fas-expressing cells was significantly higher in the OA meniscus(p < 0.05). Nitrotyrosine immuno reactivity was prominent in the degenerative menisci(p < 0.05). Fas and nitrotyrosine expression were increased with degree of tissue degeneration. An increase in number of apoptotic cells was correlated with tissue degeneration but not with age . CONCLUSION: Apoptosis was suggested as one of the causes in the tissue degeneration of the human OA meniscus. The development of apoptosis in the meniscus may be related with Fas and nitrotyrosine expression but not with age.
Apoptosis* ; Arthroplasty ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; Chromatin ; Humans* ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Knee* ; Microscopy, Electron

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of an amniotic membrane contact lens on corneal epithelial wound healing. METHODS: We made a model with a corneal epithelial wound by applying 6 mm round filter paper soaked with 1 N NaOHonto the central cornea in 24 eyes of 12 rabbits. The rabbits were divided into three groups: AMCL (amniotic membrane contact lens), T-AMT (temporary amniotic membrane transplantation) and the control group. We evaluated corneal wound healing every postoperative day using a digital photo slitlamp and fluorescein dye. The corneas were harvested for histopathologic studies after seven days and analyzed with hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) stain and TUNEL staining. RESULTS: The average wound healing time was similar between the amniotic membrane contact lens and the temporary amniotic membrane transplantation group. The number of the infiltrated PMNs (polymorphonuclear cells) was 8.8+/-2.58, 8.6+/-2.19 and 48.6+/-7.12 in the AMCL, T-AMT and control groups, respectively. Apoptotic keratocytes were 3.8+/-1.1, 3.6+/-1.09 and 23.2+/-5.06 in the AMCL, T-AMT and control groups, respectively. In the AMCL and T-AMT groups, the number of infiltrated PMNs and apoptotic keratocytes were significantly less than those the control group (p<0.05). There were not significant differences in the number of PMNs and apoptotic cells in the AMCL and the T-AMT groups. CONCLUSIONS: Amniotic membrane contact lenses have the benefits of being an easily applied method and having a wound healing ability comparable to that possible with conventional suture methods.
Amnion ; Contact Lenses ; Cornea ; Eye ; Fluorescein ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Membranes ; Rabbits ; Sutures ; Transplants ; Wound Healing

We studied the mechanism and inhibition of cell death by exposure to UV alone or combination of UV exposure and intracellular zinc depletion with TPEN in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). Cell death was quantified by measuring LDH release from injured cells. RPE were exposed to UV at 253.7 nm for 1~20 minutes.The 2~5 minutes UV exposure was duration-dependently cytotoxic, whereas 1minute exposure was minimally so.And exposure to TPEN induced concentration-dependent cell death at 1~4 micrometer range ;0.5 micrometer TPEN was minimally toxic.Then, cultures were exposed to varying exposure durations of UV in the absence or presence of 0.5 micrometer TPEN.At any point, the presence of TPEN markedly increased UV toxicity.In contrast, cell membrane-impermeable zinc chelator showed no toxicity.On the other hand, addition of a protein synthesis inhibitor or caspase inhibitor was markedly protective.In addition, RPE injury with exposure to combination of UV 1 min and TPEN 0.25 micrometer was accompanied by TUNEL and Hoechst staining positivity indicating that the toxicity is mainly apoptosis.Electron microscopic examinations revealed that nuclear fragmentation occurred even in sublethal UV or TPEN exposure, suggesting that the injury process already began at these condition consistently with the death being apoptosis. The present study has shown that combination of known risk factors may act synergistically to induce ARMD etc.The RPE injury induced by low dose UV and minimal intracellular zinc depletion was inhibited with protein synthesis inhibitor or caspase inhibitor, so these results suggested the possibility of prevention or treatment of RPE dysfunction.
Apoptosis ; Cell Death ; Epithelial Cells* ; Hand ; Humans* ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Retinaldehyde* ; Risk Factors ; Zinc*

PURPOSE: Gene-attenuated replication-competent adenoviruses are emerging as a promising new modality for the treatment of cancer. In an effort to continually improve upon cancer gene therapy, we have modified gene- attenuated replication-competent adenoviruses so as to cause them to replicate efficiently and lyse the infected cancer cells more effectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We modified the E1 region of the adenovirus (Ad) systematically, generating Ad-deltaE1B19, Ad-deltaE1B55, Ad-deltaE1B19/55, and Ad-WT. The cytopathic effects (CPE) and viral replication of these four gene modified adenoviruses were compared, and the morphology and DNA fragmentation of the infected cells was evaluated. RESULTS: Among the constructed adenoviruses, E1B 19kD-inactivated adenovirus (Ad-deltaE1B19) was the most potent, inducing the largest-sized plaques and markedCPE. Moreover, cells infected with Ad-deltaE1B19 showed complete cell lysis with disintegrated cellular structure whereas cells infected with Ad-WT maintained intact cellular and nuclear membrane with properly structured organelles. TUNEL assay was also used to monitor DNA integrity, and a more profound induction of apoptosis was observed in the Ad-deltaE1B19 infected cells in comparison to wild type adenovirus infected cells. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that the inactivation of the E1B19kD gene in a replicating adenovirus leads to increased CPE, rapid viral release, improved cell-to-cell viral spread and increased induction of apoptosis.
Adenoviridae* ; Apoptosis ; Cellular Structures ; DNA ; DNA Fragmentation ; Genes, Neoplasm* ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Nuclear Envelope ; Organelles

PURPOSE: Flavopiridol enhanced radiation-induced apoptosis of cancer cells in our previous in vitro study. The purpose of this study was to assess if flavopiridol could enhance the radioresponse of mouse mammary tumors in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Balb/c mice bearing EMT-6 murine mammary carcinoma were treated with flavopiridol only, radiation only, or both for 7 days. Flavopiridol was administered 2.5 mg/kg twice a day intraperitoneally (IP). Radiation was delivered at a 4 Gy/fraction at 24-h intervals for a total dose of 28 Gy. Tumor volume was measured and compared among the different treatment groups to evaluate the in vivo radiosensitizing effect of flavopiridol. Tumors were removed from the mice 20 days after treatment, and TUNEL and Immunohistochemical stainings were performed. RESULTS: Significant tumor growth delay was observed in the radiation only and combined treatment groups, when compared with the control group. However, there was no significant difference between the tumor growth curves of the control and flavopiridol only group or between the radiation only and combination treatment group. Apoptotic cells of different treatment groups were detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-medicated nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. The expressions of Ku70 in tumor tissues from the different groups were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Similarly, no significant difference was found between the apoptotic rate or Ku70 expression among the different treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Flavopiridol did not show evidence of enhancing the radioresponse of mouse mammary tumors in this study.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Flavonoids ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Mice ; Piperidines ; Radiation-Sensitizing Agents ; Tumor Burden ; Ursidae

The apoptotic effect of bacteria-derived beta-glucan was investigated in human colon cancer cells SNU-C4 using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 genes, and assay of caspase-3 enzyme activity. beta-Glucan of 10, 50, and 100 microg/mL decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner with typical apoptotic characteristics, such as morphological changes of chromatin condensation and apoptotic body formation from TUNEL assay. In addition, beta-glucan (100 microgram/mL) decreased the expression of Bcl-2 by 0.6 times, whereas the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 were increased by 3.1 and 2.3 times, respectively, compared to untreated control group. Furthermore, the caspase-3 activity in the beta-glucan-treated group was significantly increased compared to those in control group (P < 0.05). Bacterial derived beta-glucan could be used as an effective compound inducing apoptosis in human colon cancer.
Apoptosis ; Caspase 3 ; Cell Survival ; Chromatin ; Colon ; Colonic Neoplasms ; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase ; Humans ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling

PURPOSE: Replication-competent adenoviruses (Ads) are promising new modalities for the treatment of cancer. Selective replication of a viral agent in tumor may lead to improved efficacy over non-replicating Ads due to viral multiplication, lysis of the infected cancer cell and spread to surrounding cells. In our previous studies it was shown that the E1B 55 kD-deleted Ad (YKL-1) exhibits tumor specific replication and cell lysis, but with reduced cytolytic effects compared to the wild type adenovirus (Int J Cancer 2000;88: 454-463). Thus, improving the potency of oncolytic Ads remains an important goal for cancer gene therapy. To increase the oncolytic ability of YKL-1, an adenovirus death protein (ADP) gene was reintroduced under the control of a CMV or MLP promoter at the E3 region of the YKL-1, generating an YKL-cADP and YKL-mADP, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The in vitro cytolytic effect of ADP expressing Ads was evaluated by MTT assay, and the induction of apoptosis by ADP expressing Ads was examined by TUNEL analysis. Finally, the antitumor effect of ADP expressing Ads was demonstrated in C33A xenograft tumor model. RESULTS: The YKL-cADP exerted a markedly enhanced cytolytic effect against H460 and SK-Hep1 cancer cell lines. The TUNEL assay indicated that the ADP-mediated cytotoxicity was largely driven by apoptosis. Finally, the YKL-cADP showed a superior antitumor effect than the YKL-1 or YKL-mADP in C33A xenografts. CONCLUSION: These lines of evidence demonstrate that the YKL-cADP induces efficient cell lysis, which is critical for the addition of therapeutic value to replicating Ads in cancer gene therapy.
Adenosine Diphosphate ; Adenoviridae* ; Apoptosis ; Cell Line ; Genes, Neoplasm ; Heterografts ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling

This study evaluated the response of the anterior stromal keratocytes in Rabbits following deepithelialization and 3 diopter(37micrometer)- and 12 diopter(99micrometer) PRK. The corneal sections obtained from the operated area on postoperative 3, 7 and 14 days were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Keratocyte apoptosis were monitored using the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick-end labeling(TUBEL) staining with ApopTag kit for the corneal section obtained on postoperative 3 day. The corneal haze on postoperative 14 day were graded using a slit lamp biomicroscopy. The number of anterior stromal keratocytes had decreased significantly and positive TUNEL staining was noted in the anterior stroma after PRK and deepithelialization campared with that of controls. The decreased keratocyte numbers were recovered on postoperative 7 day after deepithelialization and on postoperative 14 day after PRK. The newly appeared deratocytes were pyknotic, variable-shaped and crosswisely oriented in appearance, and especially increased following 12 diopter PRK. Both the keratocyte loss and corneal haze grading was increased related to the increased ablation depth after PRK. In conclusion, the loss of anterior stromal keratocytes after PRK is mediated by apoptosis and followed by reactive cellular proliferation might be a important role in the corneal haze.
Apoptosis ; Cell Proliferation ; Cornea* ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Hematoxylin ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Photorefractive Keratectomy* ; Rabbits