No abstract available.
Animals ; Carcinogenesis* ; Dimethylnitrosamine* ; Female* ; Humans ; Mice*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Lung* ; Lymphocytes* ; Mice*

No abstract available.
Intuition* ; Nursing* ; Philosophy*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although the mechanism of hepatocellular carcinogenesis still remains to be clarified, it has been suggested that persistent hepatic necrosis and resultant irregular regeneration might cause genetic mutations, such as activation of protooncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and modulation of apoptosis-related genes, finally leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To elucidate the role of cell proliferative activity and apoptosis, a major mechanism of cell death, in hepatocellular carcinogenesis, we analyzed expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p53 protein and apoptotic cells in HCC and surrounding nonneoplastic hepatic parenchyma. METHODS: We performed immunohistochemical staining to detect P CAN, p53 protein, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) method for the detection of apoptosis in 52 hepatocellular carcinomas and their adjacent nonneoplastic liver. We scored the expression of PCNA and p53, and apoptotic index by a 5 point scale' 0, 0%,1, 1-25%', 2, 25-50%, 3, 50-75%', 4, >76%, and analyzed the results with other clinicopathologic characteristics. RESULTS: p53 protein was expressed in 42.3% of the HCC, but was not evident in nonneoplstic liver. P53 overexpression was correlated with the histologic grade of HCC (p<0.05). PCNA labelling indices (LI) of HCC were correlated with those of liver cell dysplasia and normal liver (p<0.05). Leading edges of HCCs showed higher proliferative activity than the central part of HCC. Four cases of HCCs with high TUNEL also showed high proliferative activity. There was no difference of the TUNEL between HCC and surrounding nonneoplastic liver. Expression of p53, PCNA LI and TUNEL had no relationship with clinicopathologic parameters including viral markers, aFP elevation, tumor size and underlying cirrhosis. CONCLUSION: p53 overexpression in HCC and absence of p53 mutation in nonneoplastic liver indicates the active participation of p53 in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Invasiveness and metastatic potential appear to be related with the strong expression of PCNA, but apoptosis in HCC has no direct implication in hepatocellular carinogensis.
Apoptosis* ; Biomarkers ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Cell Death ; Fibrosis ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Liver* ; Necrosis ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; Regeneration

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify factors affecting nurses' burnout in secondary general hospitals. METHODS: Data were collected through structured questionnaires from 241 nurses working at the secondary general hospitals with below 400 beds in the P, C, and S city between April and May, 2009. Data analysis was done with independent t test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple stepwise multiple regression with SPSS WIN v 17.0. RESULTS: Burnout was significantly different according to religion, age, clinical experiences, and shift work. Burnout score of the subjects was 58/100. Burnout of the subjects were positively correlated with job stress and negatively correlated with hardness, self efficiency, self esteem, spiritual wellbeing, social support, and job satisfaction. The explained variances for burnout was 51.8% and factors affecting nurses' burnout in secondary general hospitals were job stress, hardness, self efficiency, job satisfaction and shift work. CONCLUSION: These results showed the significant factors fo nurses' burnout in secondary general hospitals. These findings can be utilized to development of strategies for reducing job stress and enhancing hardness, self efficiency and job satisfaction.
Hardness ; Hospitals, General ; Job Satisfaction ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Concept ; Statistics as Topic

No abstract available.

The ratio of the elderly population is rapidly growing due to socio-economic development and better medical services. As the average life-span of the Korean elderly becomes longer, the proportion of the elderly is increasing. Therefore, the elderly need to sustain a high quality of life. However, all these factors, such as sensory loss, decreased endurance, mobility limitation, and a loss of independence, act to diminish the quality of life among the elderly. It is necessary for elders to adapt themselves to aging, to maintain their physical functions and especially, it is important to keep their independence in activity of daily living and self care. Therefore, this study was designed to identify the degree of activity in daily living and exercise of a self-care agency and to investigate the relationship between activity of daily living and self-care agency. Also, this research aimed to contribute to nursing interventions that maintain and promote quality of life of the elderly and to enable themselves to live independently. The subject of this study were 160 elders, over age 65, who were sampled in C city. Data were collected by observation and questionnaires from May,1999 to December, 1999. The measurement tools were Barthel Index(1979), Lawton & Brody(1969) for activity of daily living and Kearney & Fleischer(1979) for self-care agency. Data were analyzed by SAS PC+ package and included descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's alpha. The conclusions of this study are summarized as follows; 1. The mean of ADL and IADL was 96.09 and 16.38, respectively. The score described activity of daily living among the elders in C province as moderate. Particularly, in the items of IADL, the item of medication was the highest score. 2. The mean for exercise of self-care agency was 76.48, a moderate degree. 3. The degree of ADL and IADL according to demographic characteristics was significantly different statistically in pocket money, the presence of disease, perceived health status and in occupation, pocket money, family type, the presence of disease, and perceived health status, respectively. 4. The dagree of selt-care agency according to demographic characteristics was significantly different statistically in gender, education level, economic status, and pocket money. 5. There was a significant positive correlation between activity in daily living and self-care agency. Based on these results, further research is suggested to discover the variables influencing the activity of daily living and self-care agency to develop nursing strategies for improving self-care and activity of daily living among the elderly.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged* ; Aging ; Education ; Gangwon-do* ; Humans ; Mobility Limitation ; Nursing ; Occupations ; Quality of Life ; Self Care* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study was aimed to provide data on the use of medical resources by preterm infants following discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The cohort included preterm infants (n=2,351) born at 22-32 weeks' gestation who were discharged from the NICUs of 44 Korean hospitals between April 2009 to March 2010. Mean duration of post-discharge follow-up was 425+/-237 days. After discharge from the NICU, 94.5% of total infants visited a pediatric outpatient clinic (11.5+/-9.8 mean visits), 42.9% visited a pediatric clinic for respiratory problems irregularly (4.9+/-6.6 mean visits), and 31.1% utilized emergency center at least once. Among all visits to the emergency center, 24.7% resulted in readmission and 50.8% of those visits were due to respiratory problems. At least one episode of readmission was required by 33.6% (788/2,346) of total infants, and 18.4% (431/2,346) of total infants were readmitted with respiratory problems at least once. Among all infants readmitted for respiratory problems, 16.2% (70/341) were diagnosed with respiratory syncytial virus infection which accounted for 30.3% of viral etiologies confirmed by laboratory testing. Infants born at <30 weeks' gestation had more frequent total readmission and respiratory readmission than those > or =30 weeks' gestation (2+/-1.7 vs. 1.7+/-1.2, P=0.009, 1.8+/-1.2 vs. 1.5+/-1.1, 0.027, respectively). Overall, use of medical resources is common, and respiratory problems are the leading cause of use of medical resources. Total readmissions and respiratory readmissions are more frequent in more immature infants.
Cohort Studies ; Databases, Factual ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Infant, Premature, Diseases/*pathology ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Male ; Patient Readmission ; Republic of Korea ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/*pathology ; Retrospective Studies

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Streptococcus pneumoniae* ; Streptococcus*

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to obtain basal information to establish a proper birth-encouraging policy in the future through the survey of the attitude towards childbirth and its related factors among female students in junior, senior high school, and university. METHODS: A survey was performed for 2 weeks in June, 2006, for a total of 688 female students which included 185 ones in a girls' junior high school and 242 ones in a girls' senior high school in Sacheon, and 261 ones in two universities in Jinju. The selfadministered questionnaires developed by the authors included the socio-demographic characteristics, the attitude towards childbirth, the preference of a son for their future child, the belief on relative importance of family or work after marriage, the seriousness perception of low birth rate in Korea, frequencies of education in school about low birth rate. The attitude was measured by an answer to the question of 'To what degree do you think you are going to have a child(or children)?' RESULTS: The proportion of positive attitude towards their future childbirth was 76.2% in junior high school, 63.9% in high school, and 82.8% in university students (p<0.01). In the logistic regression analysis, the significant factors related with positive attitude towards future childbirth were school grade, preference of a son for their future children, and belief on relative importance of family or work after marriage. CONCLUSIONS: It suggests that the related factors with positive attitude towards future childbirth need to be considered to make a proper birth policy.
Birth Rate ; Child ; Education ; Female* ; Gyeongsangnam-do ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Marriage ; Parturition* ; Surveys and Questionnaires