A wedge shape compensating filter composed of aluminium was made to equalise the density of lung and mediastinum. Total 68 patients were taken chest tomograph with compensating filter and the radiographic findings were correlated with the pathologic, bacteriologic prove or the clinical course. This simple device was turned out to be very useful in certain disease categories, especially central type of bronchogenic carcinoma.
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic ; Humans ; Lung ; Mediastinum ; Thorax

PURPOSE: To evaluate the average glandular absorption radiation dose(AGARD) that results from tube voltage, target/filter material of the X-ray tube, enterance skin exposure, breast thickness and patterns in routine mammography. MATERIAL AND METHOD: After obtaining craniocaudal views of left breasts of 114 women, entrance skin exposure was measured by dosimetry. Under identical conditions of tube voltage and target/filter material of theX-ray tube, we obtained half value layer (HVL) and also calculated exposure-to-absorbed dose conversion factor(DgN) by Wu's methods. AGARD was calculated by entrance skin exposure multiplied by exposure-to-absorbed dose conversion factor. We analyzed AGARDs according to tube voltage, target/filter material, breast thickness and pattern using ANOVA method of the SPSS statistical packages. RESULT: Breast patterns were divided into 4 groups such as DY (n=72), P1 (n=1), P2 (n=10), and N1 (n=31), respectively. Their AGARDs were 161.5, 180, 172.8, and195.2 mrad respectively and showed no significant difference among groups. When divided by breast thickness into three groups, namely below 3cm, 3cm to 4.5cm, and above 4.5cm, the AGARD of each group was 178.3, 178.1, and 112.4mrad respectively and the last one was significantly low. Concerning the effect of tube voltages, AGARDs gradually decreased by increasing kVp. Furthermore, AGARD was lower when rhodium (Rh) rather than when molybdenum(Mo) was used as filter/target materials. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in AGARDs by breast pattern. Asmore increasing KvP or using Rh/Rh as the target/filter material of the X-ray tube, we reduced AGARD for the patient with dense or thick breasts.
Absorption* ; Breast ; Female ; Humans ; Mammography* ; Rhodium ; Skin

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to describe the rib changes seen in patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serial chest radiographs of nine premature infants with BPD who showed diffuse rib enlargement were reviewed for hyperinflation, which was compared with the observed degree of rib enlargement. Vibrator chest physiotherapy was performed in all cases, and five infants underwent conventional ventilation plus high frequency oscillatory ventilation therapy. Their calcium level was normal where-as alkaline phosphatase and phosphate levels were high. In all infants except one, liver enzyme levels were normal. For the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus, infection, and BPD, medications including indomethacin, antibiotics, and examethasone were administered. Vitamin D was given to all patients with total parenteral nutrition. RESULTS: Rib enlargement was found to be severe (n=4), moderate (n=3), or mild (n=2) with undulating margins or posterior tapering (n=2). Hyperinflation was noted in eight patients, in seven of whom it was moderate to seve r e. Among these seven, rib enlargement was severe (n=2), moderate (n=3), or mild (n=2). In one infant with mild hyperinflation, rib enlargement was seve r e. Bilateral irregular infiltrates and at-electases were noted in all patients. CONCLUSION: In BPD patients, rib enlargement may be seen. In order to differentiate this process from systemic bone disease or bony dysplasia, an awareness of the rib changes occurring in patients with BPD may be important.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bone Diseases ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; Calcium ; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent ; Humans ; Indomethacin ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Liver ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Ribs* ; Thorax ; Ventilation ; Vitamin D

Purpose: This study presents the process of designing workbooks for advance care planning appropriate for the Korean cultural setting and describes actual case studies. Methods: This study focused on single inductive case studies of the utilization of an advance care planning workbook and recruited individual participants. Results The workbook for adolescents contained six sessions and the workbook for children contained seven sessions. The workbook sessions led to four major discoveries: 1) considering the Korean cultural context, discussions on life and death must be held indirectly; 2) the role of the counselor as a supporter is crucial for the workbook to be effective; 3) the workbook must be accessible regardless of the seriousness of the illness; and 4) patients must be able to make their own choice between the workbook versions for children and adolescents. Six facilitating factors improved engagement: 1) the role of the counselor as a supporter; 2) building trust with the patient; 3) affirming freedom of expression on topics the patient wished to avoid talking about; 4) having discussions on what private information to keep secret and to whom the information can be disclosed; 5) discovering and regularly discussing relevant topics; and 6) regular communication and information-sharing with the patient’s medical service providers. Conclusion: It is necessary to build on actual case studies regarding workbooks for children and adolescents in order to expand the usage of these workbooks to all relevant medical institutions in Korea.

Purpose: This study presents the process of designing workbooks for advance care planning appropriate for the Korean cultural setting and describes actual case studies. Methods: This study focused on single inductive case studies of the utilization of an advance care planning workbook and recruited individual participants. Results The workbook for adolescents contained six sessions and the workbook for children contained seven sessions. The workbook sessions led to four major discoveries: 1) considering the Korean cultural context, discussions on life and death must be held indirectly; 2) the role of the counselor as a supporter is crucial for the workbook to be effective; 3) the workbook must be accessible regardless of the seriousness of the illness; and 4) patients must be able to make their own choice between the workbook versions for children and adolescents. Six facilitating factors improved engagement: 1) the role of the counselor as a supporter; 2) building trust with the patient; 3) affirming freedom of expression on topics the patient wished to avoid talking about; 4) having discussions on what private information to keep secret and to whom the information can be disclosed; 5) discovering and regularly discussing relevant topics; and 6) regular communication and information-sharing with the patient’s medical service providers. Conclusion: It is necessary to build on actual case studies regarding workbooks for children and adolescents in order to expand the usage of these workbooks to all relevant medical institutions in Korea.

PURPOSE: A structural equation model was analysed to explore the determinants of health behaviors of university students in Korea. METNOD: Nine hundred sixty nine university students were selected by random cluster sampling from five universities located in the central area of Korea. DATA COLLECTION: The data was collected by questionnaires about demographic characteristics, stressful life events, perceived social support, perceived health status and health behaviors. RESULTS: 1. Gender showed indirect effect on health behaviors. 2. Living together with(out) family had a direct effecton health behaviors: students living with family showed more positive health behaviors. 3. Stressful life events had an indirect effect on health behaviors via perceived health status;a higher score of stressful life events was the predictor for negative health behaviors. 4. A higher score of perceived health status predicted positive health behaviors. RECOMMENDATION: Each university should be encouraged to develop a health behavior control program and health promotion program for their own university students. It would be more effective to develop health programs separately according to the demographic or social characteristics of the students. It is also necessary for the Ministry of Education to reform the School Health Act and school health policy to strengthen a health promotion program for university students. In conclusion, following studies should identify and promote the validity and reliability of perceived health status and health behaviors measurements.
Adult ; Attitude to Health ; Female ; *Health Behavior ; Health Status ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Change Events ; Male ; Social Support ; *Students/psychology ; Universities

This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of the supportive nursing intervention and analyze its components in 14 studies carried out from Jan. 1980 to Jun. 1997. The supportive nursing intervention studies divided into three types according to the components of conceptual definitons.; (1)supportive nursing behavior, (2)social support, and (3)combination of social support and supportive nursing behavior. The various terms referred to the supportive nursing intervention didn't have the clear differentiating conceptual and operational definitions and the logical relationship among them. The effects of supportive nursing intervention were measured by the 23 dependent variables using self-report and the 5 dependent variables using physiological indices. The dependent variables were measured more than two were role behavior compliance, anxiety, depression, health belief, knowledge about the disease, helplessness and stressful behavior response. The average effects of the supportive nursing intervention ranged from 0.218 to 2.745 for the d index. The three variables of them, which were anxiety, depression and stressful behavior response, were homogeneous statistically by homogeniety test. Results of the meta- analysis indicated that the supportive nursing intervention had moderate to large effects on anxiety(d=0.41), depression (d=0.66) and stressful behavior response (d=0.86).
Anxiety ; Compliance ; Depression ; Intervention Studies ; Logic ; Nursing ; Child Health

Oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) is an assisted reproductive technology in which oocytes are retrieved from the antral follicles of unstimulated or minimally stimulated ovaries. IVM of human oocytes has emerged as a promising procedure. This new technology has advantages over controlled ovarian stimulation such as reduction of costs, simplicity, and elimination of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. By elimination or reduction of gonadotropin stimulation, IVM offers eligible infertile couples a safe and convenient form of treatment, and IVM outcomes are currently comparable in safety and efficacy to those of conventional in vitro fertilization. IVM has been applied mainly in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome or ultrasound-only polycystic ovaries, but with time, the indications for IVM have expanded to other uncommon situations such as fertility preservation, as well as to normal responders. In this review, the current clinical experiences with IVM will be described.
Family Characteristics ; Female ; Fertility Preservation ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Gonadotropins ; Humans ; In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques ; Infertility ; Oocytes ; Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome ; Ovary ; Ovulation Induction ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted

Pancreatoblastoma is a rare tumor, which usually affects infants and young children. We report a case of pancreatoblastoma in a 51-year-old man. To our knowledge, this is the first case of pancreatoblastoma occurred in an adult in Korea. A 2,5 * 3.5 cm sized pancreatic mass was detected on routine examination. An enhanced computed, tamography scan showed a slightly low density solid mass in the body of the pancreas. An abrupt occlusion of the main pancreatic duct and filling defect at the body was noted in the endoscopic retrograde pancreatogram. On operation, a well circumscribed yellowish white mass with whitish capsule was found without adhesion. Histologic examination revealed that the tumor was made up predominantly of medium sized round to polygonal cells having finely granular cytoplaam arranged in solid sheet and acinar structure. Squamoid corpuscles with ovoid to elongated cells were also scattered. The patient is doing well postoperatively. In the review of the literature, the tumor may be biologically different in the older and younger age group.
Adult* ; Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Pancreas ; Pancreatic Ducts

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thickness of the compressed breast in mediolateral oblique (MLO) and craniocaudal (CC) mammograms, to relate these thickness and breast patterns to mean glandular dose (MGD) in Korean women, and to evaluate the suitability of using the American College of Radiology's Recommendations for Korean women from a quality assurance standpoint. The study population consisted of 92 paired MLO and CC mammograms obtained on one mammographic unit. The digital readouts of compressed breast thickness, applied compression force and tube voltage were recorded. Entrance skin exposure was measured by dosimetry. MGD was calculated by multiplying entrance skin exposure by the exposure-to-absorbed dose conversion factor. The range of breast thickness was 1.3 - 6.2 cm in CC mammograms with a mean breast thickness of 3.6 cm, and 1.6 - 6.5 cm in MLO mammograms with a mean breast thickness of 3.9 cm. MGDs in CC and MLO mammograms were 1.77 mSv and 1.88 mSv per view, respectively. Breast composition patterns were divided into 4 groups according to ACR BI-RADS; P1 (n=20), P2 (n=16), P3 (n=48) and P4 (n=8). The MGDs for these groups were: 1.82, 1.84, 1.84, and 1.91 mSv, respectively. When subjects were subdivided by breast thickness into three groups, namely, below 3 cm, 3 cm to 4.2 cm, aaa and above 4.2 cm, the corresponding MGDs were 1.83, 1.86, and 1.91 mSv. According to our initial trial, the mean breast thickness and the MGDs of Korean women are lower than recommended by the American College of Radiology, which are commonly used for quality assurance purposes.
Adult ; Breast/anatomy & histology ; Female ; Human ; *Mammography ; Middle Aged ; *Radiation Dosage