BACKGROUND: The shelf life should be determined by health care facility's infection control program. The current standards for preserving the sterility can be changing. So, to measure and compare the recontamination time of sterile packs among wrappers and storage conditions, and develop a practical standard for the shelf life and storage conditions of sterile products. The purpose of this study was placed on measurement of the recontamination time in packs wrapped in all kinds of wrapping materials used in Il-San hospital and extra-costs. METHODS: The first phase study was from June to November 2002 and tile second phase study was planned to extend further the shelf life of the pouch bag from December 2002 to June 2003. Total 504 sterile sample packs containing cotton ball (5 cm-length) prepared and wrapped in four wrapping materials (randomized reprocessed two folds of lines, a fold of new craft paper, a fold of new nonwoven fabric, a fold of new pouch bag) and stored in three location (open shell of one of typical wards, open shelf of one of ICUs, open shelf of CSSD). Each type of packs were opened weekly and the cotton balls inoculated into thioglycollate broth at 35degrees C for seven days by infection control nurse. The temperature and relative humidity was monitored monthly. RESULTS: There was on growth found for any types of the pack and storage conditions studied. The temperature and relative humidity of storage locations were 24.8degrees C and 35.5 %. The extra-cost of reprocessing in Ethylene-Oxide gas sterilization was \32,800,000 and Steam sterilization was \36,900,000 by year. CONCLUSION: This study was conducted in attempt to identify the possibility of extending the current shelf life for sterile goods we use in a sense of cost effectiveness. It was possible to extend shelf life from four weeks to six months in the study hospital. We are going to continue this study and take all steps need to apply this new concept to our practice, and then trying to extend to other hospitals.
Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Costs and Cost Analysis* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humidity ; Infection Control ; Infertility ; Steam ; Sterilization

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide baseline data on paid hospital-caregivers' work performance, degree of importance of caregiving, and their knowledge as well as affecting factors on the level of practice when there is no guardian. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 155 total caregivers working at 9 hospitals. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires in December, 2010. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 17.0. RESULTS: The caregivers' level of practice showed 4.0/5.0 points, degree of importance, 4.4/5.0 points, and knowledge, 4.3/5.0 points. The level of practice was significantly different depending on the hospital types. Significant correlations were found between level of practice, degree of importance and knowledge. The degree of importance and types of hospital attributed to 17.1% of variance in the level of practice. CONCLUSION: A systematic hospital caregivers' program focusing on strategy to enhance caregivers' level of practice, degree of importance and knowledge can be effective for paid hospital-caregivers when there is no guardian.
Caregivers ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: When going into the intensive care unit (ICU), health care workers (HCWs) and visitors are required to put on cover-gowns and change into slippers, which is considered by some hospitals as one of the customary infection control practices. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cover-gowns and slippers in reducing nosocomial infections in the medical ICU (MICU). METHODS: The study was carried out in four periods. In the period-I (January to June, 2002), all HCWs and visitors put on cover-gowns when entering the MICU, but not in the period-II (July to December, 2002). They were required to change into slippers in the period-III (January to April, 2004), but not in the period-IV (May to August, 2004). RESULTS: Nosocomial infection rates during the period-I and period-II were 14.8 and 12.6 per 100 discharges (P>0.05) or 14.1 and 13.6 per 1,000 patient days (P>0.05), respectively. During the period-III and period-IV respective infection rates were 9.4 and 12.6 (P>0.05) or 10.2 and 15.7 (P>0.05). There were no statistical differences in device utilization ratios, device-associated infection rates, and site of infections (P>0.05) between the periods of I and II or between the periods of III and IV. CONCLUSION: These results showed that the intervention of cover-gown and slipper change is a non-effective factor in reducing nosocomial infections in the MICU; therefore, the infection control practice of cover-gown and slipper changes for HCWs and visitors entering the ICU should be eliminated.
Cross Infection* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humans ; Infection Control ; Intensive Care Units* ; Critical Care*

Orthopantomogram is commonly used to evaluate root parallelism. "Good parallelism" between roots is widely accepted as one of the guidelines of a successful orthodontic treatment. In case there was a large angle between crown axis and root axis, and if we valued only the position of crown in establishing occlusal relationship without considering of the situation of root, the problem of root arrangement between adjacent teeth would be occurred. The estimate of root parallelism in mesiodistal direction before and after orthodontic treatment must be emphasized. The intent of this study was to determine the clinical importance and correlation of the angle between crown axis and root axis. Orthopantomograms of 105 orthodontic patients being treated in Yonsei university were used in this study. Twenty-eight teeth in both maxilla and mandible were selected and analyzed quantitively to evaluate the angle between crown axis and root axis, and obtain the correlationship among the individual teeth. The results are as follows: 1. Among the teeth presenting normal distribution, the maxillary right canine showed the largest mean valuer 5.73+/-4.42degrees), which was composed of the crown-root angles, and the mandibular left lateral incisor showed the smallest mean valuer 0.60+/-3.76degrees). 2. The crown-root angles of the maxillary incisors and the first molars, and the mandibular central incisors and the first molars didn`t show normal distribution and the ranges of these angles were dispersed. 3. Significant differences were present between the crown axis and the root axis except for lower first premolars. (p<0.05) 4. No significant difference was present for the crown-root angle between right and left side. (p<0.05) 5. No significant difference was present for the crown-root angle between male and female except for lower left first premolar. (p<0.05) 6. In the upper right quadrant, significant correlations were present between crown-root angles of the central incisor and lateral incisor, lateral incisor and canine. In the upper left quadrant, significant correlations were present between crown-root angles of the central incisor and lateral incisor. In the lower right quadrant, significant correlations were present between crown-root angles of the central incisor and lateral incisor, first molar and second molar. In the lower left quadrant, significant correlations were present between crown-root angles of the central incisor and lateral incisor, lateral incisor and canine, first molar and second molar. (p<0.05)
Axis, Cervical Vertebra* ; Bicuspid ; Crowns* ; Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; Male ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Molar ; Tooth

The Purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Craniosacral therapy(CST) on the chronic headache patients, and the research was used the one-group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 31 chronic headache patients, who received Craniosacral therapy by once per week for 6 weeks. The data were collected from July 1, 2003 to August 28, 2003. In order toevaluate the effects of craniosacral therapy, Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) for headach intensity, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration rate, craniosacral rhythm rate, depression and stress perception were measured before and after treatment. The results are as follows : 1) The mean score of intensity of headache (VAS) significantly decreased after each session of Craniosacral therapy(F=86.14, p<.001). 2) The mean score of systolic blood pressure significantly decreased after each session of craniosacral therapy(F=6.99, p<.001), and the mean score of diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased after 3rd session of Craniosacral therapy(t=5.710, p<.001). The means of pulse(F=6.19, p<.001), respiration(F=7.93, p<.001) and craniosacral impulse rate(F=22.84, p<.001) significantly decreased after each session of Craniosacral therapy. 3) The means score of depression significantly decreased after Craniosacral therapy(t=6.627, p<.001) and stress also significantly decreased after Craniosacral therapy(t=5.987, p<.001). Therefore, these results of this study suggest that Craniosacral therapy could be an effective nursing intervention to reduce the intensity of headache.
Blood Pressure ; Depression ; Headache ; Headache Disorders* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Nursing ; Respiratory Rate

No abstract available.
Tumor Lysis Syndrome*

No Abstract available.
Chungcheongnam-do* ; Infection Control*

PURPOSE: The objective of the present study was to develop and evaluate a legal communicable diseases (LCDs) electronic system for infection control. METHOD: The system was developed through the procedure of analysis, design, implementation, application and evaluation, and was applied within an OCS (order communication system). RESULTS: As indicated by the main menu, the present system is composed of an improved perception system for enhancing perception of LCDs, LCDs identification system, and improved efficiency in the report system. Detailed items included in the main menu are introduction and log-in screen, pop-up window for checking the outbreaks of LCDs, decision making icon, electronic signature icon, electronic report form, email system, etc. The total number of reports was greater after the application of the system (n=99) than before (n=80), and the adequacy of report time was statistically significantly higher after application of the system (P<0.05) CONCLUSION: The present system suggests a new method for LCDs report and infection control, and is expected to be adopted by other medical institutions in the future.
Communicable Disease Control ; Communicable Diseases ; Decision Making ; Disease Outbreaks ; Electronic Mail ; Electronics ; Electrons ; Infection Control ; Nitriles ; Pyrethrins