The Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome is characterized by multiple telangiectasic lesions usually involving the mucous membranes, face and distal extremities. It is a congenital malformation inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and the lesions usually appear during adulthood. The major symptoms are recurrent epistaxis and gastrointestinal bleeding, but they may cause intracranial hemorrhage at the white matter of the brain stem, cerebellum and diencephalon. We report a case of typical autosomal dominant trait Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome associated with intracranial hemorrhage at the right basal ganglia.
Basal Ganglia ; Brain Stem ; Cerebellum ; Diencephalon ; Epistaxis ; Extremities ; Hemorrhage ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Mucous Membrane ; Stroke ; Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic

Since the elderly population has been increasing recently in our country, old male patients with testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) with a significantly decreasing quality of life are becoming increasingly common. TDS in males is defined as a biochemical syndrome associated with advancing age and characterized by clinical manifestation and a deficiency in the serum testosterone level. These patients should be treated with extrinsic testosterone to improve quality of life. TDS in males should be diagnosed in the case of clinical manifestation with serum total testosterone <8 nmol/L (230 ng/dL) or calculated free testosterone <225 pmol/L (65 pg/mL) but not diagnosed in the case of serum total testosterone >12 nmol/L (350 ng/dL). Products for testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) are administrated orally, transdermally, and through injectable preparations. Daily testosterone undecanoate is widely used for oral administration with good results and no hepatotoxicity. Short-acting intramuscular preparations are very effective but show wide swings in the resulting supra-physiological level of serum testosterone. Long-acting intramuscular preparations is also very effective and lasting for 3 months with normal physiologic levels. Many products for TRT on the market are effective and generally safe. However, those have a few significant adverse events each other. The ideal product should have notable effectsand few side effects, (such as selective androgen receptor modulators), be easy to administrate, maintain physiologic serum concentration, and be inexpensive. TDS in males can easily be correct by TRT. However, the advantages and disadvantages of the individual products and follow-up management of complicated adverse events should be understood before starting and maintaining TRT.
Administration, Oral ; Aged ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Quality of Life ; Receptors, Androgen ; Sorbitol ; Testosterone ; Tyramine

Dual antiplatelet therapy simultaneously blocks different platelet activation pathways and might thus be more potent at inhibiting platelet activation and more effective at reducing major ischemic vascular events compared to antiplatelet monotherapy. Aspirin plus clopidogrel dual therapy is now the standard therapy for patients with acute coronary syndrome and for those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. However, dual antiplatelet therapy carries an increased risk of bleeding. Patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) are generally older and likely to have a fragile cerebrovascular bed, which further increases the risk of systemic major bleeding events and intracranial hemorrhage. Clinical trials and meta-analyses suggest that in comparison to antiplatelet monotherapy, dual antiplatelet therapy initiated early after noncardioembolic ischemic stroke or TIA further reduces the rate of recurrent stroke and major vascular events without significantly increasing the rate of major bleeding events. In contrast, studies of long-term therapy in patients with noncardioembolic ischemic stroke or TIA have yielded inconsistent data regarding the benefit of dual antiplatelet therapy over monotherapy. However, the harm associated with major bleeding events, including intracranial hemorrhage, which is generally more disabling and more fatal than ischemic stroke, is likely to increase with dual antiplatelet therapy. Physicians should carefully assess the benefits and risks of dual antiplatelet therapy versus antiplatelet monotherapy when managing patients with ischemic stroke or TIA.
Acute Coronary Syndrome ; Aspirin ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Ischemic Attack, Transient* ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Platelet Activation ; Risk Assessment ; Stroke*

No abstract available.
Female* ; Humans

BACKGROUND: In the Far East, it is well known that hepatic resection is a best form of treatment for complicated intrahepatic stones (IHS). However, many investigators have reported that the associated intrahepatic biliary stricture is the main cause of treatment failure, requiring additional management because of recurrent cholangitis. PURPOSE: A retrospective comparative study was undertaken to clarify the long term efficacy of hepatic resection in IHS and to investigate the clinical significance of intrahepatic biliary stricture affected on treatment failure after hepatic resection. Patient and METHOD: The clinical records of 44 among 51 consecutive patients with symptomatic IHS who underwent hepatic segmentectomy or lobectomy between July 1986 and October 1996 were reviewed. We excluded 7 patients from study group because of postoperative death or incomplete follow- up. Patients were divided into two study groups: group A with intrahepatic biliary stricture (n=28) and group B without stricture (n=16). Residual or recurrent stones, recurrence of intrahepatic biliary stricture, late cholangitis, and final outcomes were analyzed and compared statistically between group A and B. Patients were followed up for a median duration of 65 months after hepatectomy. RESULTS: The overall incidence of residual or recurrent stones were 36% and 11%, respectively. The initial treatment failure rate was 50% in group A and 31% in group B. Intrahepatic biliary stricture was recurred in 46% of group A, but in none of group B (P=0.001). More than two thirds of restrictures were identified on the primary site. The incidence of late cholangitis was higher in group A (54%) than in group B (6%)(p=0.002). The late cholangitis was severe, recurrent and related to stones and strictures in 11 of the 15patients in group A. Twelve patients (ten in group A and two in group B) needed additional secondary multiple procedures at a median of 12 months after hepatectomy. These consisted of percutaneous fluoroscopic stone retrieval (n=6), postoperative cholangioscopy (POC) or percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) with electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL)(n=3), balloon dilatation (n=7)choledochotomy (n=3), S4 segmentectomy (n=1), Sphincteroplasty (n=1), drainage of the delayed subphrenic or liver abscess (n=2), and repair of prolonged biliary fistula (n=1). The final outcomes after hepatectomy with or without secondary management were good in 80%, fair in 16%, and poor in 4% of the cases. CONCLUSION: The majority of the recurrent cholangitis after hepatectomy in IHS were related to recurrent intrahepatic ductal strictures. Therefore, hepatic resection should be included the strictured duct. However, with hepatectomy alone, it is difficult to clean the IHS and relieve the ductal strictures completely, particularly in cases of bilateral IHS, so a perioperative team approaches, including both radiologic and cholangioscopic interventions, should be used for effective management of IHS.
Biliary Fistula ; Cholangitis ; Constriction, Pathologic* ; Dilatation ; Drainage ; Far East ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lithotripsy ; Liver Abscess ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; Recurrence ; Research Personnel ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Failure

Elevated blood pressure (BP) is the leading modifiable risk factor for stroke and the benefit of BP lowering therapy on the stroke risk reduction is well established. The optimal BP target for preventing stroke and other vascular events have been controversial, but the evidences from epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) support intensive BP lowering for greater vascular protection, particularly for stroke prevention. For secondary stroke prevention, the evidence of intensive BP lowering benefit is limited since only a single RCT for patients with lacunar infarctions was conducted and most data were driven by exploratory analyses. In acute intracerebral hemorrhage, immediate BP lowering targeting systolic BP<140 mm Hg is recommended by guidelines based on the results from RCTs. In contrast, in acute ischemic stroke, early BP lowering is not usually recommended because of no benefit on functional outcome and future vascular events and potential harm of stroke progression. This review aims to summarize the updated evidence for optimal BP management for primary and secondary stroke prevention and in patients with acute stroke.
Blood Pressure* ; Cerebral Hemorrhage ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Risk Reduction Behavior ; Stroke* ; Stroke, Lacunar

Stroke is a prototype disorder that disables as well as kills people. The disability-adjusted life years (DALY) metric developed by the World Health Organization to measure the global burden of disease integrates healthy life years lost due to both premature mortality and living with disability. Accordingly, it is well suited to stroke research. The DALY has previously been applied only to large but relatively crude population-level data analyses, but now it is possible to calculate the DALY lost in individual stroke patients. Measuring each patient's stroke outcome with DALY lost has expanded its application to the analysis of treatment effect in acute stroke trials, delineating the poststroke complication impact, the differential weighting of discrete vascular events, and estimating a more refined stroke burden in a specific population. The DALY metric has several advantages over conventional stroke outcome measures: 1) Since the DALY measures the burden of diverse health conditions with a common metric of life years lost, stroke burden and benefits of stroke interventions can be directly compared to other health conditions and their treatments. 2) Quantifying stroke burden or interventional benefits as the life years lost or gained makes the DALY metric more intuitively accessible for public and health system planners. 3) As a continuous, equal-interval scale, the DALY analysis might be statistically more powerful than either binary or ordinal rank outcome analyses in detecting the treatment effects of clinical trials. 4) While currently employed stroke outcome measures take one-time snapshots of disability or mortality and implicitly indicate long-term health impact, the DALY explicitly indicates the burdens of living with disability for an individual's remaining life.
Humans ; Mortality, Premature ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Statistics as Topic ; Stroke ; World Health Organization

No abstract available.
Humans ; Inpatients*

The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphologic changes of the sinusoidal endothelial cells and the associated structures of the cirrhotic rat liver induced by repeat intraperitoneal injections of N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (100 mg/kg/week). One day to 6 weeks later, rat livers were observed under the light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and immunostained with laminin antibody. Two weeks after DEN treatment, the fibrillar material in Disse's space was noted, and then a basement membrane-like structure was found at 4 weeks after treatment. Laminin was detected in perisinusoidal areas after 4 weeks. Laminin was strongly positive on the fibrous septum and in the sinusoidal wall of cirrhotic nodules after 6 weeks of treatment. The diameters and numbers of sinusoidal endothelial fenestrations did not change significantly until 2 weeks. They decreased within 4 weeks, and then the sinusoidal endothelium was poorly fenestrated at 6 weeks after DEN treatment. These results suggest that as fibrosis develops in cirrhosis, the deposit of extracellular matrix such as laminin within Disse's space is a major contributing factor in the structural alteration of sinusoidal endothelial cells, and the capillarization of the sinusoidal endothelial cells may be a contributor to impairment of the hepatic function in cirrhosis.
Rats ; Animals

PURPOSE: To investigate the characteristics of the patients and therapeutic shoes for diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty two diabetic patients who had their own therapeutic shoes which were prescribed somewhere else were studied from March 2003 to December 2003. There were 27 males and 15 females, and the mean age was 62.1 years (range, 49-72 years). Duration of diabetes was average 14 years (range, 6~30 years), all had type 2 diabetes. Sensation was examined with 5.07 nylon monofilament. The route of purchasing the shoes, compliance to the prescribed shoes were investigated by interview. The shape of shoe, stiffness of upper, conformity of insole to the shape of the foot were recorded. In-shoe plantar pressure was measured in 15 patients. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were insensate to the monofilament. Seven patients did not wear the therapeutic shoes, and only 18 of 35 patients were wearing the therapeutic shoes more than 6 hours a day. The shoes of 17 patients were prescribed by medical doctor and the rest were purchased by the recommendation of acquaintances or advertisement. Ulcer recurred in four of five patients to whom the shoe was prescribed by medical doctor and the cause of three recurrences were evident by just observing the foot and shoe. The therapeutic shoes were made from 11 different makers. Eight shoes were adequate for diabetic patients with respect to the material, shape of insole, type of shoe. In-shoe plantar pressure was examined in 15 patients and was less than 300 kPa in all patients. CONCLUSION: The therapeutic shoes for the diabetic patients need to be prescribed by medical doctor for selective patients with neuropathy or previous history of ulcer and follow-up examination is important to monitor the compliance of the patients and adequacy of the shoes.
Compliance ; Female ; Foot ; Friends ; Humans ; Male ; Nylons ; Recurrence ; Sensation ; Shoes* ; Ulcer