This study is designed to understand the meaning and nature of raising children with cerebral palsy. It researches the experience of mothers of schoolchildren with cerebral palsy by the research method of hermeneutic phenomenology. The study was conducted from November 10, 1999 to December 20, 2000. When children with cerebral palsy usually show symptoms in the early stage of cerebral palsy, mothers do not take children to a doctor for diagnosis. And, most of mothers have a difficult time to accept the reality; they usually respond to the initial diagnosis with shock, reproach, and deny. When mothers start recognizing the reality, they consider that their children have cerebral palsy due to the their mismanagement during pregnancy, delivery, nursing, and initial treatment. They shelter their children from view and feel guilty that they cannot afford to try folk remedies for their children. As time passes, mothers face conflicts between families in diverse ways. Families put the blame on genetic effects. Mothers-in-law give their daughters-in-law a hard time, husbands shift the responsibility of raising children onto their wives, and trouble arises between families-in-law and mothers native families. When children grow up, it is physically difficult for mothers to take care their children. In addition, they suffer from all the troubles in family due to childrens handicap. Mothers try the diverse methods of bringing up children. However, they start getting tired of raising children as they experience failures and financial difficulties. Mothers feel collapsed recalling the ways of raising children. They feel anxiety, miserable, lonely, and worrying when they think how children would attend school, make friends, and live in the future. In this stage, mothers do their best to raise their children with hope. They tend to compare their children with others without handicap and spend money and time in attempting all the treatments. When mothers and children join the society at school, they find that the society does not understand disabled people, teachers show inconsiderate attitude, friends avoid them, and children hardly follow classes. Such experiences make mothers feel angry and frustrated. However, when children adapt to school, mothers see the possibility that children could accomplish schoolwork. They appreciate teachers help and others consideration. Mothers place appropriate expectations on their children and help them to prepare for the future. I would make following suggestions based on the results. 1. As a primary basic course of rehabilitation nursing intervention, solution-centered nursing intervention system should be developed. The intervention needs to be based on the understanding of mothers, who raise children with cerebral palsy, through in-depth interview. 2. Advance researches on the development of individual nursing intervention should be conducted. Individual nursing intervention needs to prevent and release actual pain focusing on mothers raising children with cerebral palsy. 3.Integrated curriculum that help children with cerebral palsy lead a normal school life with ordinary children should be developed. 4.Basic research on using of facilities and effective application of service volunteer to help children with cerebral palsy in school needs to be conducted.
Anxiety ; Cerebral Palsy* ; Child* ; Curriculum ; Diagnosis ; Friends ; Hope ; Humans ; Medicine, Traditional ; Mothers* ; Nursing ; Pregnancy ; Rehabilitation Nursing ; Shock ; Spouses ; Volunteers ; Child Health

No abstract available.
Animals ; Brain* ; Diencephalon* ; In Situ Hybridization* ; Rats* ; RNA, Messenger* ; Somatostatin* ; Telencephalon*

Primary tumors of the adrenal cortex are comparatively rare. In the medical literature they are most frequently reported as single case. Because of their infrequent occurence some features of their clinical behavior and pathologic anatomy are not widely known. For this reason the recording of the 7 cases from the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University is thought to be worth while. Of the seven tumors, five were associated with primary aldosteronism, one Cushing's syndrome, and the remaing one virilizing syndrome. All were benign. Females were affected more frequently than males. Adrenocortical adenomas tend to be small, weighing less than 42 gm. The tumors associated with primary aldosteronism were composed of zona fasciculata-like cells and "hybrid" cells. The tumor with Cushing's syndrome consisted of zona reticularis-like cells. The tumor with virilizing syndrome consisted of zone reticularis-like cells.
Female ; Humans ; Adenoma

No abstract available.
Humans ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Stomach* ; T-Lymphocytes*

Typhoid fever is an acute systemic febrile disease caused by Salmonella Typhi, characterized by persistent fever, headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea and rose spots. Salmonella infection can lead to diffuse organ involvement including bone, lung, thyroid, kidney, liver, spleen, heart, intestine and skin. While a variety of complications may be seen in typhoid fever, sensorineural hearing loss or pancreatitis has been rarely observed. Recently, we experienced a case of typhoid fever complicated by sensorineural hearing loss, acute pancreatitis and hepatitis in a 21-year-old female patient, who was improved with ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin administration and supportive care. We report this case with a review of the literature.
Abdominal Pain ; Ceftriaxone ; Ciprofloxacin ; Diarrhea ; Female ; Fever ; Headache ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural* ; Heart ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Intestines ; Kidney ; Liver ; Lung ; Pancreatitis* ; Salmonella Infections ; Salmonella typhi ; Skin ; Spleen ; Thyroid Gland ; Typhoid Fever* ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to define factors influencing psychosocial adaptation of patients with a permanent colostomy. Independent variables including perceived stress, stoma care self-efficacy, self-care behavior, self-esteem and family support were used to predict psychosocial adaptation. METHOD: The data was analyzed using the SPSS pc program window version 12.0 for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. Ninety patients with a permanent colostomy were recruited between September 2007 and May 2008. The reliability of the instruments was tested with Cronbach's alpha which ranged from .78 to .92. RESULT: The results were as follows: The mean psychosocial adaptation score was 3.05. There were significant correlations between all the predictive variables and psychosocial adaptation (r= .63~ -.43, p<.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that self-esteem (40%), stoma care self-efficacy (7%), perceived stress (2%), and self-care behavior (2%) accounted for 51% of the variance in psychosocial adaptation. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that to improve psychosocial adaptation of patients with permanent colostomy, the major related factors identified in this study should be considered.
Colostomy ; Humans ; Self Care

No abstract available.
Animals ; Neurons* ; Neurotransmitter Agents* ; Rats*

No abstract available.
Olfactory Bulb* ; Signal Transduction*

Backgrounds: Thyroid hormones play a fundamental role in the initiation and maintenance of somatic growth in mammalian species, and the insulin-like growth factors(IGFs) occupy a position of central importance in the growth of all tissues. To evaluate the changes in serum insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients, sera was obtained from 19 hyperthyroid patients, 9 hypothyroid patients, and 10 healthy volunteers. Methods: IGF-I concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay, and changes in IGFBPs were assesed by Western Ligand Blotting. To evaluate the binding pattern of IGF-I & IGFBPs, autoradiographs were obtained. Results & Conclusion: IGF-I levels were increased significantly in hyperthyroid patients(mean ±SE, 267.88±9.80 ng/ml, p<0.05) and decreased significantly in hypothyroid patients(154.81±1.43 ng/ml, p<0.01) compaired to healthy control group(209.45±.60 ng/ml). Autoradiograph of serum IGFBPs from patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism did not show any change in the intensity of IGFBP-3 bands(40-45 KD) and IGFBP-1 bands, but in hyperthyroid patients, it showed increased intensity of IGFBP-2 band compared to healthy control group and hypothyroid patients.
Equidae ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Hyperthyroidism ; Hypothyroidism ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Radioimmunoassay ; Thyroid Hormones

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common subtype of primary hepatobilliary cancer. Despite advances in surgical and medical therapy, its survival rate remains poor. Compared to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common liver malignancy, the underlying mechanisms of cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis are poorly characterized. P-cadherin (CDH3) is a cadherin super family member. Although CDH3 is frequently over-expressed in cholangiocarcinoma tissues, its roles have never been characterized. To determine the roles of CDH3 in cholangiocarcinoma, we investigated CDH3 function in HuCCT1 cells using specific siRNA. Transfection with CDH3 siRNA did not affect proliferation of HuCCT1 cells. However, cell migration and invasion were significantly reduced when CDH3 was down-regulated. In addition, expressions of several biomarkers for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were not changed by CDH3 down-regulation. These results suggest that CDH3 regulates cell migration independent of EMT in cholangiocarcinoma cells.
Biomarkers ; Cadherins ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Cell Movement ; Cholangiocarcinoma ; Down-Regulation ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Neoplasms ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Survival Rate ; Transfection ; Cholangiocarcinoma