Statements of problem: Zirconia core is used for posterior fixed partial dentures because it's good mechanical properties. Stress is concentrated on connectors in fixed partial dentures, so the proper design of connector areas is needed for adequate mechanical long-term properties of any prosthesis. The area of connector is critical, but tooth size and surrounding soft tissue limit the connector design. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare fracture strengths between different connector designs of zirconia core for posterior fixed partial dentures manufactured with CAD/CAM system and determining the optimal connector design satisfying strength and hygiene. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The following four groups of 40 posterior fixed partial denture specimens(each group 10) were fabricated as followed; group 1, vertical height of connector is 3mm(control group, all groups have the same condition); group 2, lingual vertical 1mm reinforcement on connector; group 3, lingual vertical 2mm reinforcing on connector and group 4, lingual vertical 3mm reinforcing on connector. Specimens were subjected to compressive loading on the central fossa of pontic by instron. SEM was used to identify the initial crack and characterize the fracture mode. RESULTS: The results were as follows: 1. The mean fracture load of the non-lingual reinforcing group was 1212N and the lingual vertical 1mm reinforcing group was 1510N, the lingual vertical 2mm reinforcing group was 1882N, the lingual vertical 3mm reinforcing group was 1980N. 2. The reinforcing groups were statistically significant compared to non-reinforcing groups(P<0.001). 3. There were 2, 3mm reinforcing groups that were statistically significant compared to 1mm reinforcing groups(P<0.001), and the 3mm reinforcing group was not statistically significant compared to 2mm reinforcing groups(P>0.05) 4. Fractures were initiated in gingival embrasures of connectors and processed to the loading site. CONCLUSION: In this study, lingual reinforcement of connector for improved strength of zirconia based fixed partial denture is nessasary. And long-term study for clinical application is required.
Denture, Partial, Fixed* ; Hygiene ; Prostheses and Implants ; Tooth

Statements of problem: Zirconia core is used for posterior fixed partial dentures because it's good mechanical properties. Stress is concentrated on connectors in fixed partial dentures, so the proper design of connector areas is needed for adequate mechanical long-term properties of any prosthesis. The area of connector is critical, but tooth size and surrounding soft tissue limit the connector design. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare fracture strengths between different connector designs of zirconia core for posterior fixed partial dentures manufactured with CAD/CAM system and determining the optimal connector design satisfying strength and hygiene. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The following four groups of 40 posterior fixed partial denture specimens(each group 10) were fabricated as followed; group 1, vertical height of connector is 3mm(control group, all groups have the same condition); group 2, lingual vertical 1mm reinforcement on connector; group 3, lingual vertical 2mm reinforcing on connector and group 4, lingual vertical 3mm reinforcing on connector. Specimens were subjected to compressive loading on the central fossa of pontic by instron. SEM was used to identify the initial crack and characterize the fracture mode. RESULTS: The results were as follows: 1. The mean fracture load of the non-lingual reinforcing group was 1212N and the lingual vertical 1mm reinforcing group was 1510N, the lingual vertical 2mm reinforcing group was 1882N, the lingual vertical 3mm reinforcing group was 1980N. 2. The reinforcing groups were statistically significant compared to non-reinforcing groups(P<0.001). 3. There were 2, 3mm reinforcing groups that were statistically significant compared to 1mm reinforcing groups(P<0.001), and the 3mm reinforcing group was not statistically significant compared to 2mm reinforcing groups(P>0.05) 4. Fractures were initiated in gingival embrasures of connectors and processed to the loading site. CONCLUSION: In this study, lingual reinforcement of connector for improved strength of zirconia based fixed partial denture is nessasary. And long-term study for clinical application is required.
Denture, Partial, Fixed* ; Hygiene ; Prostheses and Implants ; Tooth

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the concern and attitudes of Nursing students toward the disabled before and after the disability experience program. METHOD: 151 Nursing students with clinical practice in National rehabilitation hospital were conveniently selected as the subject. All subjects had experience the disability program, and their attitudes toward the disabled were measured before and after the 3hours' program. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS 11.0 with paired t-test. RESULTS: 1. The concern toward the disabled after their disability experience program was more positive than before(t= -4.930, p= .000). 2. The attitudes toward the disabled after their disability experience program was more positive than before(t=5.892, p=.000). 3. The appreciation of daily life after their disability experience program was higher than before(t=- -8.563, p= .000). CONCLUSION: In summary, the disability experience program should be effective in order to promote the positive attitude toward the disabled. Therefore expansion of this program is of profound significant.
Humans ; Nursing* ; Rehabilitation ; Students, Nursing*

Adipose tissue is composed of diverse cell types and plays a major role in energy homeostasis and inflammation at the local and systemic levels. Adipose tissue serves as the main site for vitamin D storage and is among the most important extraskeletal targets of vitamin D which can modulate multiple aspects of adipose tissue biology. Vitamin D may exert inhibitory or stimulatory effects on adipocyte differentiation depending on cell type, stage of differentiation, and the treatment time point. Moreover, vitamin D controls energy metabolism in adipose tissue by affecting fatty acid oxidation, expression of uncoupling proteins, insulin resistance, and adipokine production. Adipose tissue inflammation can have a significant impact on the metabolic disorders often associated with obesity, and vitamin D can modulate the inflammatory response of immune cells and adipocytes within the adipose tissue. This review discusses the role of adipose tissue in vitamin D metabolism, as well as the regulatory role of vitamin D in adipocyte differentiation, adipose tissue energy metabolism, and inflammation, thereby providing insights into the importance of vitamin D in adipose tissue biology.

Adipose tissue is composed of diverse cell types and plays a major role in energy homeostasis and inflammation at the local and systemic levels. Adipose tissue serves as the main site for vitamin D storage and is among the most important extraskeletal targets of vitamin D which can modulate multiple aspects of adipose tissue biology. Vitamin D may exert inhibitory or stimulatory effects on adipocyte differentiation depending on cell type, stage of differentiation, and the treatment time point. Moreover, vitamin D controls energy metabolism in adipose tissue by affecting fatty acid oxidation, expression of uncoupling proteins, insulin resistance, and adipokine production. Adipose tissue inflammation can have a significant impact on the metabolic disorders often associated with obesity, and vitamin D can modulate the inflammatory response of immune cells and adipocytes within the adipose tissue. This review discusses the role of adipose tissue in vitamin D metabolism, as well as the regulatory role of vitamin D in adipocyte differentiation, adipose tissue energy metabolism, and inflammation, thereby providing insights into the importance of vitamin D in adipose tissue biology.

As Korea is moving toward multicultural society, the number of Muslim, whose religion has a great influence on diet-related behaviors, is increasing in Korea. Since the number of immigrants from Indonesia ranks within top ten in Korea and Indonesia is one of the most representative Islamic countries in Asia, understanding the diet-related behaviors and food preferences of Indonesians is needed. This study was conducted to investigate diet-related behaviors, factors affecting the diet-related perceptions, and food preferences of the Indonesians. The subjects included 500 Indonesians dwelling in Jakarta, Indonesia. About ninety % of the subjects in this study were Muslims. They did not eat pork and dog meat for religious reason and they practiced fasting during Ramadan period. Indonesians avoided pineapple, durian, and hot foods during pregnancy and usually ate vegetables and fruits after birth, which seemed to be due to sociocultural influence. Among the subjects, 21.5% were obese and major health problems reported were hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Their preference for fried food items might have contributed to health problems. Subjects had meals mostly at home (2.3 times/day) and dined out occasionally (1.2 times/ week) at Indonesian restaurants (56.6%) or family restaurants (21.0%). In conclusion, Indonesians had home-based and native food-oriented dietary life with strong religious and sociocultural influence on food choices. Further research on specific nutrient intake analysis is needed to better understand and to improve dietary life of Indonesians in Korea.
Ananas ; Animals ; Asia ; Bombacaceae ; Dogs ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Fasting ; Food Preferences* ; Fruit ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypertension ; Indonesia ; Islam ; Korea ; Meals ; Meat ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Restaurants ; Vegetables

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has put focus on the importance of a healthy immune system for recovery from infection and effective response to vaccination.Several nutrients have been under attention because their nutritional statuses showed associations with the incidence or severity of COVID-19 or because they affect several aspects of immune function. Nutritional status, immune function, and viral infection are closely interrelated. Undernutrition impairs immune function, which can lead to increased susceptibility to viral infection, while viral infection itself can result in changes in nutritional status. Here, we review the roles of vitamins A, C, D, and E, and zinc, iron, and selenium in immune function and viral infection and their relevance to COVID-19.

Purpose: Adipocyte dysfunction has been reported in diabetes, and stimulating thermogenesis and suppressing senescence in adipocytes potentially alleviates metabolic dysregulation. This study aimed to investigate thermogenesis and cellular senescence in diabetic adipocytes under basal conditions and in response to stimuli. Methods: White and brown primary adipocytes derived from control (CON) and db/db(DB) mice were treated with β-agonists, such as norepinephrine (NE) and CL316,243, and 18-carbon fatty acids, including stearic acid, oleic acid (OLA), linoleic acid (LNA), and α-linolenic acid, and the expression of the genes related to thermogenesis and cellular senescence was measured. Results: Although no difference in the thermogenic and cellular senescence gene expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) was noted between the CON and DB mice, brown adipose tissue (BAT) from the DB mice exhibited lower uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) expression and higher cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (Cdkn)1a and Cdkn2a expression levels compared to that from the CON mice. Stromal vascular cells isolated from the BAT of the DB mice displayed higher peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg), CCAAT/ enhancer-binding protein alpha (Cebpa), Cdkn1a, and Cdkn2a expression levels. White adipocytes from the DB mice exhibited lower Ucp1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (Pgc1a), and PR domain containing 16 (Prdm16) expression levels regardless of β-agonist treatment. NE upregulated Pgc1a in both white and brown adipocytes from the CON mice, but not in those from the DB mice. Although none of the fatty acids were observed to downregulate the cellular senescence genes in fully differentiated adipocytes, the OLA-treated brown adipocytes derived from DB mice exhibited lower Cdkn1a and Cdkn2b expression levels than the LNA-treated cells. Conclusion These results indicate that the lower thermogenic capacity of diabetic adipocytes may be related to their cellular senescence, and different fatty acids potentially exert divergent effects on the expression of cellular senescence genes.

Purpose: Adipocyte dysfunction has been reported in diabetes, and stimulating thermogenesis and suppressing senescence in adipocytes potentially alleviates metabolic dysregulation. This study aimed to investigate thermogenesis and cellular senescence in diabetic adipocytes under basal conditions and in response to stimuli. Methods: White and brown primary adipocytes derived from control (CON) and db/db(DB) mice were treated with β-agonists, such as norepinephrine (NE) and CL316,243, and 18-carbon fatty acids, including stearic acid, oleic acid (OLA), linoleic acid (LNA), and α-linolenic acid, and the expression of the genes related to thermogenesis and cellular senescence was measured. Results: Although no difference in the thermogenic and cellular senescence gene expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) was noted between the CON and DB mice, brown adipose tissue (BAT) from the DB mice exhibited lower uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) expression and higher cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (Cdkn)1a and Cdkn2a expression levels compared to that from the CON mice. Stromal vascular cells isolated from the BAT of the DB mice displayed higher peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg), CCAAT/ enhancer-binding protein alpha (Cebpa), Cdkn1a, and Cdkn2a expression levels. White adipocytes from the DB mice exhibited lower Ucp1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (Pgc1a), and PR domain containing 16 (Prdm16) expression levels regardless of β-agonist treatment. NE upregulated Pgc1a in both white and brown adipocytes from the CON mice, but not in those from the DB mice. Although none of the fatty acids were observed to downregulate the cellular senescence genes in fully differentiated adipocytes, the OLA-treated brown adipocytes derived from DB mice exhibited lower Cdkn1a and Cdkn2b expression levels than the LNA-treated cells. Conclusion These results indicate that the lower thermogenic capacity of diabetic adipocytes may be related to their cellular senescence, and different fatty acids potentially exert divergent effects on the expression of cellular senescence genes.

Purpose: Adipocyte dysfunction has been reported in diabetes, and stimulating thermogenesis and suppressing senescence in adipocytes potentially alleviates metabolic dysregulation. This study aimed to investigate thermogenesis and cellular senescence in diabetic adipocytes under basal conditions and in response to stimuli. Methods: White and brown primary adipocytes derived from control (CON) and db/db(DB) mice were treated with β-agonists, such as norepinephrine (NE) and CL316,243, and 18-carbon fatty acids, including stearic acid, oleic acid (OLA), linoleic acid (LNA), and α-linolenic acid, and the expression of the genes related to thermogenesis and cellular senescence was measured. Results: Although no difference in the thermogenic and cellular senescence gene expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) was noted between the CON and DB mice, brown adipose tissue (BAT) from the DB mice exhibited lower uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) expression and higher cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (Cdkn)1a and Cdkn2a expression levels compared to that from the CON mice. Stromal vascular cells isolated from the BAT of the DB mice displayed higher peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg), CCAAT/ enhancer-binding protein alpha (Cebpa), Cdkn1a, and Cdkn2a expression levels. White adipocytes from the DB mice exhibited lower Ucp1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (Pgc1a), and PR domain containing 16 (Prdm16) expression levels regardless of β-agonist treatment. NE upregulated Pgc1a in both white and brown adipocytes from the CON mice, but not in those from the DB mice. Although none of the fatty acids were observed to downregulate the cellular senescence genes in fully differentiated adipocytes, the OLA-treated brown adipocytes derived from DB mice exhibited lower Cdkn1a and Cdkn2b expression levels than the LNA-treated cells. Conclusion These results indicate that the lower thermogenic capacity of diabetic adipocytes may be related to their cellular senescence, and different fatty acids potentially exert divergent effects on the expression of cellular senescence genes.