1.Hypertensive Crisis
Cambodian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 2012;14(1):36-43
Uncontrolled blood pressures (BPs) lead to progressive or impending end-organ dysfunction (EOD), which falls under the category of hypertensive emergencies or hypertensive crisis. In these conditions, the BP should be lowered aggressively over minutes to hours. Neurologic end-organ damage due to uncontrolled BP may include hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral vascular accident/cerebral infarction; subarachnoid hemorrhage, and/or intracranial hemorrhage.[1] Cardiovascular end-organ damage may include myocardial ischemia/infarction, acute left ventricular dysfunction, acute pulmonary edema, and/or aortic dissection. Other organ systems may also be affected by uncontrolled hypertension, which may lead to acute renal failure/insufficiency, retinopathy, eclampsia, or microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. With the advent of antihypertensives, the incidence of hypertensive emergencies has declined from 7% to approximately 1% of patients with hypertension.
2.Reducing Stigma Towards People With Mental Illness In Malaysia
ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry 2015;16(2):1-4
Objective: Mental illness accounts for 12% of the global burden of disease with a
reported 1 in 5 Malaysians suffering from a psychological disorder. Sufferers
have been long plagued by stigma, which results in social isolation, low-selfesteem,
lower opportunities for employment, housing, and ability to achieve life
goals. This essay aims to suggest strategies to overcome such stigma in the local
setting. Methods: Literature search was conducted through PubMed
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) and Google Scholar
(http://scholar.google.com.my). Data obtained was compiled as an opinion piece.
Results: The factors contributing to stigma in Malaysia include a lack of public
knowledge, language and cultural influences, inaccurate media portrayal,
doctors’ attitudes towards the field of psychiatry, and psychiatrists themselves.
Stigma can be tackled in four areas: society, media, medical education, and the
field of psychiatry. Firstly, psychiatric terminology can be adapted to local
languages and cultural beliefs in order to avoid misconceptions. Secondly, public
education is more effective if focused to targeted key groups. The media is
crucial in influencing the public mind-set, and needs to be creatively engaged.
Thirdly, more positive medical practitioner attitudes to mental illness can be
moulded through early psychiatric postings during medical school. Finally,
psychiatrists play a role in correcting misconceptions, avoiding misdiagnosis and
ineffective treatments. Cultural competency leads to better management of
patients by awareness towards socio-cultural and religious influences.
Conclusion: A multifaceted, united coalition of effort is needed in order to tackle
stigma in different contexts, and will require concerted leadership from different
parties.
3.Diagnosis and management of depression in terminal cancer
Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare 2007;16(2):88-96
Depression, a prevalent condition in cancer sufferers is unfortunately often unrecognised and untreated. Depressive symptoms can cause considerable morbidity and mortality thus giving rise to distress and reduced quality of life. Diagnosis is fraught with difficulties owing to overlaps between psychiatric and medical symptoms. One should therefore rely more on psychological symptoms and adopt an inclusive approach in diagnosing depression. Assessment should take into account medical complications which may contribute to or worsen depression as well as the availability and adequacy of social supports. Assessment of suicide risk is paramount since suicide rates are increased in the terminally ill. Psychosocial interventions play just an important a role as pharmacological treatment. Psychostimulants are of benefit. It is also important to manage pain symptoms as severe, unremitting pain may trigger depressive symptoms and suicidal action.
Depressive Disorder - Diagnosis
4.Antibiotic Stewardship
International e-Journal of Science, Medicine and Education 2012;6(supp1):S75-S79
The discovery of antibiotics had been one of
the most significant events in the history of medicine.
Antibiotics had saved countless number of lives and
had contributed significantly to the health of mankind.
The emergence of resistance is however a major threat
to the continued usefulness of antibiotics. There are
now strains of bacteria which are resistant to virtually all available antibiotics and these strains are increasingly
being encountered in clinical practice. The development
of new agents had not kept pace with resistance and
it is unlikely that there will be major breakthroughs
in the near future. The world needs to conserve and
prolong the useful lives of the existing agents. This can
only be achieved through good antibiotic stewardship
programmes. As antibiotic resistance is a global threat
all major stakeholders have to work together to meet
this challenge.
5.Changing trends in informed consent
International e-Journal of Science, Medicine and Education 2014;8(1):3-7
Consent is defined as the “voluntary
agreement to or acquiescence in what another person
proposes or desires”. In the context of medical practice
it is now universally accepted that every human being of
adult years and of sound mind has the right to determine
what shall be done with his or her own body. Informed
consent is now a central part of medical ethics and
medical law. There has been a change in the public’s
expectations of their role in medical decision making.
The paternalistic approach by doctors is no longer
acceptable. Today the patient has the right to receive
and the doctor the obligation to give sufficient and
appropriate information so that the patient can make an
informed decision to accept or refuse a treatment option.
This has led to higher standards of practice in the process
of informed consent taking. Consent taking is both a
legal and moral requirement. Failure to comply with
standards of practice can result in criminal prosecution,
civil litigation or disciplinary action by the relevant
professional authority. Consent taking is a process and
not merely a one-off affixation of the patient’s signature
on a consent form. It involves a continuous discussion
to reflect the evolving nature of treatment from before
the treatment is given to the post-operative or discharge
period. The regulatory authorities in many countries
have established standards for consent taking which
would include the capacity of the patient, the person
who should seek consent, the information to be provided
and the necessary documentation.
Informed Consent
6.Traumatic deaths.
The Medical Journal of Malaysia 2003;58(3):307-308
8.Leptospirosis: a re-emerging infection
The Malaysian Journal of Pathology 2011;33(1):1-5
Leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonotic infection. In developing countries large outbreaks have
occurred in urban slums and following fl oods. Individuals from developed nations are also now
more frequently exposed to the infection as a result of international travel and greater participation
in certain outdoor recreational activities. Leptospirosis remains a diagnostic challenge since it often
presents as a non-specifi c febrile event and laboratory diagnosis is still currently inadequate. Rapid
tests may not be suffi ciently sensitive in early disease and culture facilities are not widely available.
A severe pulmonary haemorrhagic form of the infection is increasingly being encountered in many
countries including Malaysia. The control of leptospirosis is largely dependent on general hygienic
measures and rodent control. An effective human vaccine is still not available. There remains much
that is unknown about this disease and there is scope and opportunity for good quality research.
9.What should we consider in mixed chimerism after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?.
Korean Journal of Hematology 2011;46(2):143-144
No abstract available.
Chimerism
;
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
10.A COVID-19 Allegory: Is that what you are really worried about?
The Singapore Family Physician 2020;46(4):19-22
This allegorical poem describes the fears and uncertainties faced by the author in the COVID-19 circuit breaker period, from compliance to health advisories as understanding of the contagion evolved, from conflict of responsibilities to family, patients and teaching, and from managing the CME points requirements of the resilience webinars. Four bonsai compositions of legendary Chinese figurines are used as metaphors for the themes of the webinars.