The discovery of antibiotics had been one of the most significant events in the history of medicine. Antibiotics had saved countless number of lives and had contributed significantly to the health of mankind. The emergence of resistance is however a major threat to the continued usefulness of antibiotics. There are now strains of bacteria which are resistant to virtually all available antibiotics and these strains are increasingly being encountered in clinical practice. The development of new agents had not kept pace with resistance and it is unlikely that there will be major breakthroughs in the near future. The world needs to conserve and prolong the useful lives of the existing agents. This can only be achieved through good antibiotic stewardship programmes. As antibiotic resistance is a global threat all major stakeholders have to work together to meet this challenge.

Consent is defined as the “voluntary agreement to or acquiescence in what another person proposes or desires”. In the context of medical practice it is now universally accepted that every human being of adult years and of sound mind has the right to determine what shall be done with his or her own body. Informed consent is now a central part of medical ethics and medical law. There has been a change in the public’s expectations of their role in medical decision making. The paternalistic approach by doctors is no longer acceptable. Today the patient has the right to receive and the doctor the obligation to give sufficient and appropriate information so that the patient can make an informed decision to accept or refuse a treatment option. This has led to higher standards of practice in the process of informed consent taking. Consent taking is both a legal and moral requirement. Failure to comply with standards of practice can result in criminal prosecution, civil litigation or disciplinary action by the relevant professional authority. Consent taking is a process and not merely a one-off affixation of the patient’s signature on a consent form. It involves a continuous discussion to reflect the evolving nature of treatment from before the treatment is given to the post-operative or discharge period. The regulatory authorities in many countries have established standards for consent taking which would include the capacity of the patient, the person who should seek consent, the information to be provided and the necessary documentation.
Informed Consent

Wounds and Injuries/*mortality

Malaysia/epidemiology ; Neoplasms/*epidemiology ; Neoplasms/therapy

Leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonotic infection. In developing countries large outbreaks have occurred in urban slums and following fl oods. Individuals from developed nations are also now more frequently exposed to the infection as a result of international travel and greater participation in certain outdoor recreational activities. Leptospirosis remains a diagnostic challenge since it often presents as a non-specifi c febrile event and laboratory diagnosis is still currently inadequate. Rapid tests may not be suffi ciently sensitive in early disease and culture facilities are not widely available. A severe pulmonary haemorrhagic form of the infection is increasingly being encountered in many countries including Malaysia. The control of leptospirosis is largely dependent on general hygienic measures and rodent control. An effective human vaccine is still not available. There remains much that is unknown about this disease and there is scope and opportunity for good quality research.

Depression, a prevalent condition in cancer sufferers is unfortunately often unrecognised and untreated. Depressive symptoms can cause considerable morbidity and mortality thus giving rise to distress and reduced quality of life. Diagnosis is fraught with difficulties owing to overlaps between psychiatric and medical symptoms. One should therefore rely more on psychological symptoms and adopt an inclusive approach in diagnosing depression. Assessment should take into account medical complications which may contribute to or worsen depression as well as the availability and adequacy of social supports. Assessment of suicide risk is paramount since suicide rates are increased in the terminally ill. Psychosocial interventions play just an important a role as pharmacological treatment. Psychostimulants are of benefit. It is also important to manage pain symptoms as severe, unremitting pain may trigger depressive symptoms and suicidal action.
Depressive Disorder - Diagnosis

Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a constellation of symptoms which consist of low back pain, sciatica, saddlearea paraesthesia, urinary or faecal incontinence, with or without motor weakness, and sensory deficit. Surgical decompression is indicated as soon as possible, as decompression within 48 hours from onset allows maximum improvement of symptoms. Recovery usually occurs months or years postoperatively. We report a case of a patient with cauda equina syndrome secondary to massive lumbar disc herniation who had undergone urgent decompression one week after onset of urinary and bowel dysfunction. The clinical outcome post surgery was also discussed.

Uncontrolled blood pressures (BPs) lead to progressive or impending end-organ dysfunction (EOD), which falls under the category of hypertensive emergencies or hypertensive crisis. In these conditions, the BP should be lowered aggressively over minutes to hours. Neurologic end-organ damage due to uncontrolled BP may include hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral vascular accident/cerebral infarction; subarachnoid hemorrhage, and/or intracranial hemorrhage.[1] Cardiovascular end-organ damage may include myocardial ischemia/infarction, acute left ventricular dysfunction, acute pulmonary edema, and/or aortic dissection. Other organ systems may also be affected by uncontrolled hypertension, which may lead to acute renal failure/insufficiency, retinopathy, eclampsia, or microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. With the advent of antihypertensives, the incidence of hypertensive emergencies has declined from 7% to approximately 1% of patients with hypertension.

Objective: Mental illness accounts for 12% of the global burden of disease with a reported 1 in 5 Malaysians suffering from a psychological disorder. Sufferers have been long plagued by stigma, which results in social isolation, low-selfesteem, lower opportunities for employment, housing, and ability to achieve life goals. This essay aims to suggest strategies to overcome such stigma in the local setting. Methods: Literature search was conducted through PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) and Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com.my). Data obtained was compiled as an opinion piece. Results: The factors contributing to stigma in Malaysia include a lack of public knowledge, language and cultural influences, inaccurate media portrayal, doctors’ attitudes towards the field of psychiatry, and psychiatrists themselves. Stigma can be tackled in four areas: society, media, medical education, and the field of psychiatry. Firstly, psychiatric terminology can be adapted to local languages and cultural beliefs in order to avoid misconceptions. Secondly, public education is more effective if focused to targeted key groups. The media is crucial in influencing the public mind-set, and needs to be creatively engaged. Thirdly, more positive medical practitioner attitudes to mental illness can be moulded through early psychiatric postings during medical school. Finally, psychiatrists play a role in correcting misconceptions, avoiding misdiagnosis and ineffective treatments. Cultural competency leads to better management of patients by awareness towards socio-cultural and religious influences. Conclusion: A multifaceted, united coalition of effort is needed in order to tackle stigma in different contexts, and will require concerted leadership from different parties.

No abstract available.
Chimerism ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells