This study was conducted on order to observe some descriptive epidemiological findings and causes of life-long labour force loss in the rural population of Korea, and to consider, on the basis of these observations, some principles of the necessary control measures. The total number of subjects in the study was 27,172, all family members of 4,174 households. The study population was located in the 81 counties, out of a total of 138 counties, where the college students conducted service activities during the summer of 1974. In each village area where these service activities were conducted, one household per student interviewer was randomly selected. Student interviewers were instructed on the contents of the questionnaire prior to the survey. The main contents of the questionnaire form included address, name, sex and age of each family members, and present life-long labour force loss, if any, of each family member. In cases of current labour force loss, the age of onset and causes were recorded. Of the total households surveyed, 8.9% had family members(1-4 in number) with life-long labour force loss. Of the total persons surveyed, the crude prevalence rate for life-long labour force loss was 15.1 per 1,000; and the age-standardized prevalence rates for male and female were 16.3 per 1,000 and 13.4 per 1,000, respectively. The rates, in both sexes, were gradually increased as the agee were increased. The prevalence rates per 1,000, in order, for life-long labour force loss by the causes were 10.2 for senility, 2.4 for impairment of extremities, 1.2 for chronic diseases of internal organs, 0.5 for other conditions of musculoskeletal system, 0.4 for blindness in both eyes, 0.2 for impairment of spine, 0.2 for psychoses, and 0.1 for epilepsy. Among them the causes of impairment of extremities were stroke, poliomyelitis, accidents, arthritis and injury due to was operation, in that order of higher relative frequency. The frequency ratios by age of onset were also observed by the causes and sex.
Age of Onset ; Arthritis ; Blindness ; Chronic Disease ; Epilepsy ; Extremities ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Male ; Musculoskeletal System ; Poliomyelitis ; Prevalence ; Psychotic Disorders ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rural Population* ; Spine ; Stroke

There was an outbreak of food poisoning on the 17 October, 1970 among the primary school children who came from a rural area, Yeongi-gun, Choongcheongnam-do to Seoul City on an educational trip. Of the 199 children participating in the trip, 149 cases of food poisoning developed a 74.9% attack rate. The acute onset of symptoms, of abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and headache which occurred 1-5 hours after eating their lunch suggests that the outbreak was due to staphylococcal food poisoning. The common source of food was identified as the lunch packed in a chip-box which were eastern on October 17 during the trip. Most probable kind of food of the lunch as the cause was the flavoured fish paste. The lunch were prepared at restaurant A in Seoul City. One of the personnel of the restaurant had a unhealed cut wound on the third finger tip of the left hand, from which it was considered that the food was contaminated with Staphylococcus during preparation. The chance of multiplication of staphylococcus to produce enterotoxin in the food might be existed during flavouring the food with some degree of heat, an also during about 10 hours elapsed before serving the food after preparation.
Abdominal Pain ; Child* ; Diarrhea ; Eating ; Enterotoxins ; Fingers ; Foodborne Diseases ; Hand ; Headache ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Lunch ; Restaurants ; Seoul ; Staphylococcal Food Poisoning* ; Staphylococcus ; Vomiting ; Wounds and Injuries

There was an outbreak of food poisoning on the 17 October, 1970 among the primary school children who came from a rural area, Yeongi-gun, Choongcheongnam-do to Seoul City on an educational trip. Of the 199 children participating in the trip, 149 cases of food poisoning developed a 74.9% attack rate. The acute onset of symptoms, of abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and headache which occurred 1-5 hours after eating their lunch suggests that the outbreak was due to staphylococcal food poisoning. The common source of food was identified as the lunch packed in a chip-box which were eastern on October 17 during the trip. Most probable kind of food of the lunch as the cause was the flavoured fish paste. The lunch were prepared at restaurant A in Seoul City. One of the personnel of the restaurant had a unhealed cut wound on the third finger tip of the left hand, from which it was considered that the food was contaminated with Staphylococcus during preparation. The chance of multiplication of staphylococcus to produce enterotoxin in the food might be existed during flavouring the food with some degree of heat, an also during about 10 hours elapsed before serving the food after preparation.
Abdominal Pain ; Child* ; Diarrhea ; Eating ; Enterotoxins ; Fingers ; Foodborne Diseases ; Hand ; Headache ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Lunch ; Restaurants ; Seoul ; Staphylococcal Food Poisoning* ; Staphylococcus ; Vomiting ; Wounds and Injuries

The present status of control treasures for public health important helminthic infections in Korea was surveyed in 1969 and the following results were obtained The activities of parasitic examination and Acaris treatment for the positives which were done during 1966 to 1969 were brought in poor result and could not decrease the infection rate. It is needed to improve or strengthen the activities. The mass treatment activities for paragonimiasis and clonorchiasis in the areas which were designated by the Ministry of Health were carried out during 1965 to 1968 with no good results in decrease of estimated number of the patients. There were too many pharmaceutical companies where many kinds of anthelmintics were produced. It may be better to reduce the number of anthelmintics produced and control the quality. The human feces, the most important source of helminthic infection, was generally not treated in sanitary ways because of the poor sewerage system and no sewage treatment plant in urban areas and insanitary latrines in rural areas. The field soils of 170 specimens were collected from 34 areas out of 55 urban and tourist areas where night soil has been prohibited by a regulation to be used as a fertilizer, and examined for parasites contamination with the result of Ascaris egg detection in 44%. Some kinds of vegetables of 64 specimens each from the supply agents of parasite free vegetables and general markets were collected and examined for parasites contamination with the results of Ascaris egg detection in 25% and 36% respectively. The parasite control activities and the ability of parasitological examination techniques in the health centers of the country were not satisfactory. The budget of the Ministry of Health for the parasite control was very poor. The actual expenditure needed for cellophane thick smear technique was 8 Won per a specimen. As a principle the control of helminthic infections might be led toward breaking the chain of events in the life cycle of the prasites and eliminating environmental and host factors concerned with the infections, and the following methods may be pointed out. 1) Mass treatment might be done to eliminate human reservoirs of an infection. 2) Animal reservoirs which are related with human infections might be eliminated. 3) The excretes of reservoirs, particularly human feces, should be treated in sanitary ways by the means of sanitary sewerage system and sewage treatment plant in urban areas and sanitary latrines such as waterborne latrine, aqua privy and pit latrine in rural areas. The increase of national economical development and prohibition of the habit of using night soil as a Fertilizer might be very important factors to achieve the purpose. 4) The control of vehicles and intermediate hosts might be done by the means of prohibition of soil contamination with parasites, food sanitation, insect control and snail control. 5) The improvement of insanitary attitudes and bad habit which are related with parasitic infections might be done by the means of prohibition of habit of using night soils as a fertilizer, and improving eating habits and personal hygiene. 6) Chemoprohylactic measure and vaccination may be effective to prevent the infections or the development of a parasite to adult in the bodies were invaded by parasites. Further studies and development of this kind of measures are needed.
Acari ; Adult ; Animals ; Anthelmintics ; Ascaris ; Budgets ; Cellophane ; Clonorchiasis ; Communicable Disease Control ; Eating ; Feces ; Health Expenditures ; Helminths ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Insect Control ; Korea* ; Life Cycle Stages ; Ovum ; Paragonimiasis ; Parasites ; Plants ; Public Health ; Sanitation ; Sewage ; Snails ; Soil ; Toilet Facilities ; Vaccination ; Vegetables

Authors carried out the experimental study to investigate whether the Paragonimus westermani would uptake the blood in the parasitic definitive host, and also tried for the amount and distribution of the blood which would be harbored in a worm body, and so on. Experimental animals used in this study were dogs and cats, and they were infected with metacercariae of P. westermani. Several months later of the infection, Cr(51) tagged red blood cells were administered to each animal, and the animals were sacrificed and autopsy was done after 24 or 48 hrs of the administration. One part of the detected P. westermani adult worms of each animal were bred in Tyrode's solution and the others were killed by fixing in formalin solution. By Well-type scintillation counter, the radioactivities were measured for the alive and killed worms and of the blood of each experimental animal which was collected at autopsy . In conclusion, it was found that P. westermani worms uptake blood in parasitic definitive host, and amount of the blood harboring in a worm of 56 infection-days(size of worm; 4 x 3 x 1 mm) was 0.002 ml, 0.004 or 0.005 ml in 103 infection-days(size of worm: 8 x 5 x 3 mm) and 0.011 ml in 217 infection-days(size of worm: 9 x 7 x 4 mm). Almost of the whole blood uptaked in the worms was distributed in intestine. It was observed that the blood uptaked in the worm body was excreted continuously through the excretory pore, so that the radioactivity could not measured almost completely in cases of 24 hrs-breeding worms.
parasitology ; helminth ; trematoda ; Paragonimus westermani ; metabolism ; biochemistry ; red blood cell ; Cr(51) ; Tyrode's solution

In this study the authors observed the status of water contamination by crayfish, Cambaroides similis, either alive or dead infected with Paragonimus westermani. The crayfish used as materials were infected heavily with metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani. The live crayfish were kept in water for a long time, and then the sediments of the water were examined to find out whether or not the liberation of the metacercariae from the body of the crayfish had caused contamination of the water with metacercariae. Killed crayfish were also preserved in water for some time. Physical stimuli in terms of mederate degree of shaking were added to the preserved water once a day and half amount of the water was replaced with tapped water of same temperature everyday. Status of the decay of the crayfish, liberation of the metacercariae from the body of the crayfish or contamination of the preserved water by the metacercariae, and numbers of metacercariae harboured in the body of the crayfish were examined everyday. The fate of the metacercariae liberated from the crayfish into water was also observed. Status of the decay of the crayfish, liberation of the metacercariae from the body of the crayfish or contamination of the preserved water by the metacercariae, and numbers of metacercariae harboured in the body of the crayfish were examined everyday. The fate of the metacercariae liberated from the crayfish into water was also observed. The results of this study can be outlined as follows: No metacercaria was detected in the water which contained live crayfish infected with Paragonimus westermani. The preserved water with dead or killed crayfish was found to be contaminated by the metacercariae of Paragonimus westemani, which had been caused by the decay and dispersion of the flesh of the crayfish The liberated metacercariae survived for 10 days in the water at 21-27 C. The liberated metacercariae were found to be sinking into water of s.g. 1.000 with average velocity of 35.8 cm per minute.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Paragonimus westermani ; epidemiology ; crayfish ; Cambaroides similis

Combined technic of formalin-ether sedimentation and zinc sulfate flotation was carried out to compare the detection rate of Paragonimus eggs in feces between formalin-ether sedimentation technic and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation, using the feces of cat infected with Paragonimus westermani for former and intestinal contents of rabbit infected with Metagonimus yokogawai for latter. And following results were obtained. Zinc sulfate method was highly excellent in detection of Paragonimus eggs in feces, on the contrary, formalin-ether technic was very poor, and the other hand, formalin-ether technic was highly excellent in detection of Metagonimus eggs, on the contrary, zinc sulfate method was extremely poor. The time which was needed in carrying out the combined technic was shorter than the cumulative time of each of the formalin-ether technic and zinc sulfate method was. Author emphasizes that the combined technic may be used in general parasitic examination of feces, so that excellent results would be obtained in detection of all kinds of helminthic ova and protozoa.
parasitology ; helminth ; trematoda ; Paragonimus westermani ; Metagonimus yokogawai ; diagnosis ; formalin ; ether ; zinc sulfate

No abstract available.
Animals ; Dietary Fats* ; Radiotherapy ; Rats*

Authors carried out the survey for human paragonimiasis in Ko-Hoong County, Chun-Nam Province, Korea from July to September 1964 by the use of intradermal screening test with Veronal buffered saline antigen. Eight myuns (village) out of 13 myuns of this county were selected for the survey, regarding balanced selection. The number of 2,916 primary school children of high class and 764 residents of all age groups in these areas were examined (total 3,680; male 1,961; female 1,719). The following results were obtained in this survey. As a whole, 20.1 per cent of the examiners showed positive reaction, with sexual difference of 20.9 per cent in male and 19.1 per cent in female. In regional differences of positive rate, the highest rate(50.1 per cent) was showed at Po-Doo myun and lowest rate(3.6 per cent) was showed at Do-Yang myun. In age group, the highest positive rate was showed in 16 to 20 age group (46.7 per cent). In regional comparison of paragonimiasis infectivity of whole nation (province and county), Ko-Hoong County as nearly same as the Hea-Nam County, Chun-Nam Province follows next of Cheju Province, the highest prevalance area of paragonimiasis in Korea, in concentration of prevalence of paragonimiasis.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; paragonimiasis ; Paragonimus westermani ; skin test ; epidemiology ; Veronal buffered saline antigen

The question of infectivity and prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis in Cheju province (Quelpart Island) was arisen to authors since the several surveys on the endemic diseases were performed in this island. Therefore, authors decided to solute this question. Then the survey on the possible second intermediate host of Clonorchis sinensis was performed and reported already with negative finding. At present time, authors carried out the collection of all kinds of fresh-water snails through all areas of this island, to confirm the presence or not of Parafossarulus manchouricus, the only first intermediate host of Clonorchis sinensis in Korea . And the following results were obtained. The fresh-water snails collected in the survey were Semisulcospira libertina Gould and Lymnaea ollula Gould. Parafossarulus manchouricus Bourguigant was not collected in this island. It is confirmed that the Clonorchis sinensis can not be prevalent in this island.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda-Clonorchis sinensis ; life cycle ; epidemology ; Parafossarulus manchouricus ; Semisulcospira libertina Gould ; Lymnaea ollula Gould