An epidemiological study was conducted, from April 28 to June 3, 1975, to investigate source and course of infection of typhoid fever occurred in Munhyeon dong, Nam Gu, Busan. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The entity of unknown febrile disease was identified as Salmonella typhi, D group and it's symptoms were abdominal pain, diarrhea, hepatomegaly, nausea and vomiting, splenomegaly, rose spots, tenderness of ileocecal region etc., in that order. 2. The average duration from onset to recovery was 25.2 days and incidence rate was 39.5 per 1,000 population. 3. The source of infection was presumed a charity patient. 4. By the duration of report on the cases from onset, 10-19 days group was the highest. 5. The positive rate of initial stool culture was 38.9% and secondary was 5.6%. 6. Distribution of the cases by age and sex showed that 5-9 years old group was the highest as 30.5%, and male was higher than female. 7. Distribution of the cases by education level, under primary school as 66.6% was the highest. By the living standard, the highest was low income earner group as 77.8%. 8. Utilization rate of medical facilities was drug store (41.7%), herbal drug (8.3%), clinic (5.6%) in that order.
Abdominal Pain ; Busan ; Charities ; Diarrhea ; Education ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Female ; Hepatomegaly ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Nausea ; Salmonella typhi ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Splenomegaly ; Typhoid Fever* ; Vomiting

No abstract available.
Hospitals, Public*

Among various vascular interventional procedures, there are some procedures of vascular recanalization often encountered by primary physicians in clinical practice. These are percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and stent application in the lower extremity ishemia, catheter-directed thrombolysis with PTA, stenting for iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and interventional management of arteriovenous fistula and graft for hemodialysis access. PTA and stent are safe and effective treatment for iliac arterial stenosis and occlusion with a good long-term patency rate. Long-term effectiveness of femoropopliteal stent is yet to be determined. Catheter-directed thrombolysis is a new emerging vascular intervention for acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. May-Thurner syndrome can be effectively treated with thrombolysis in the iliofemoral vein followed by PTA ad stenting for the left iliac vein stenosis or occlusion. For the failing arteriovenous fistula or grafts in patients with hemodialysis, interventional radiologists can play an important role for the maintenance of the patency by percutaneous thrombolysis and balloon dilatation. It will be very helpful for the primary physicians to understand the role of the interventional radiologists and the indications, techniques, and results of those vascular interventional procedures often encountered in daily practice.
Angioplasty ; Arteriovenous Fistula ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Dilatation ; Humans ; Iliac Vein ; Lower Extremity ; May-Thurner Syndrome ; Renal Dialysis ; Stents ; Transplants ; Veins ; Venous Thrombosis

No abstract available.
Adult* ; Humans

Intraoral Vertical Ramus Osteotomy(IVRO) is a typical osteotomy procedure to setback the mandible for the prognathic patients and has many advantages functionally and morphologically, however, available data to predict the progressive prognosis on the functional rehabilitation of the mandible and the morphological change of the rami of the mandible after IVRO has been less reported. This is a prospective study for the progressive changes on the functional rehabilitation and the morphology of the rami of the mandible after IVRO for the Korean Prognathisms. 38 patients were studied for the functional rehabilitation and 21 patients were for the morphological change. Maxillo-Mandibular Fixation(MMF) was maintained for two weeks after IVRO and active physiotherapy was applied by means of Park's Protocol for next two weeks. Progressive change of the range of motion after release of MMF at maximum mouth opening, protrusion, lateral excursion(right and left) was recorded daily for 15days, and also recorded at 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th, 18th months on the flow charts in the group for functional rehabilitation study. Nine measurements were measured to check morphological changes of the rami of the mandible at Immediate, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperative period on Panex, P-A and Lateral Cephalometrics. The results were obtained as followings : 1. Mandibular function was returned rapidly during early 5 days after release of MMF, and reached to the almost normal range within 15days. And then slowly and progressively increased more and more afterward. 2. Recovery rate of the mandibular function after IVRO was depended upon the forcible application of a well-oriented protocol for active physiotherapy during early stage(within 15 days) after release of MMF. 3. Evidences of cortex-to-cortex healing between proximal and distal segments of the Mandible(CNS, CA, DOA on Panex) were definitely observed. They were changed slowly from immediate to 3 months but changed remarkably from 3 to 6 months of postoperative period, and then showed continuous but very slow changes afterward. 4. Vertical lengths of the proximal segments(RL, LL) were reduced remarkably from immediate to 3 month of postoperative period, and more slowly reduced from 3 to 6th month period, and then constantly reduced afterward as mimic rate. 5. Transverse distance between proximal segments(TL) was reduced rapidly within one month postoperatively and showed more slow and stable changes until one year follow-up period. 6. The gap between proximal and distal segments was disappeared rapidly within 6 month postoperatively, and then reduced very slowly afterward. 7. The change of Gonial angle(GA) was rapidly increased within one month of postoperative period and then increased very slowly afterward. In summary, mandibular function was returned to almost normal within two weeks after release of MMF, and osseous union was completely established between the proximal and distal segments without any complications in spite of early functional movement of the mandible without fixation between fragments. Morphological changes on the rami of the mandible was remarkable within 3 month period of postoperative and then continuously remodeled until one-year follow-up period. The application of a forcible and well-oriented protocol of active physiotherapy immediate after release of MMF may be the most important factor for prognosis of rehabilitation and morphological changes in IVRO.
Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mandible ; Mouth ; Osteotomy* ; Postoperative Period ; Prognathism* ; Prognosis* ; Prospective Studies ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Reference Values ; Rehabilitation

No abstract available.
Delivery of Health Care*

No abstract available.
Blood Vessel Prosthesis* ; Stents*

In the rat, the neural plate appears at day 9 and the neural tube closes at day 10.3. During neurulation, the neuroepithelium is exposed directly to amniotic fluid and blood circulation begins at day 10.5. Accordingly, amniotic fluid may be an important source of nutrition for normal development of the nervous system. Among many different components of amniotic fluid, glucose is known as common currency of metabolism and the developing embryo is more dependent on this. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data on the capacity of amniotic fluid as a source of glucose for neurulating rat embryos. In the first part of this paper, isolated days 10, 11 and 16 rat embryos with intact amnion were used to pursue the change of the glucose concentratons in the amniotic fluid. The day 10 embryo amniotic fluid glucose disappeared after 20 minutes, and the day 11 amniotic fluid glucose disappeared after 33 minutes. The day 16 amniotic fluid glucose showed no significant changes during 40 minutes. In the second part of this paper, the author determined the time required for glucose concentraton in the day 10 amniotic fluid to be 0 mg% at glucose free Hanks` solution. The day 10 amniotic fluid glucose disappeared afttar 10 minutes. Another embryos were exposed to glucose free Hank`s solution for 10 minutes, and switched immediately to regular Hank`s for measuring the changes of amniotic fluid glucose, that is `charging Phenomena`. During the first 15 minutes amniotic glucose was charged to nearly normal level, and after that it decreased. These changes were similar to the results from the first experiment. These results indicate that neurulating embryo has a potential for restoring its amniotic glucose concentration to the normal level rapidly. So harmful effects of hypoglycemic states may be compensated by this `charging phenomena` of amniotic fluid during neurulation.
Amnion ; Amniotic Fluid* ; Animals ; Blood Circulation ; Embryonic Structures* ; Female ; Glucose* ; Metabolism ; Nervous System ; Neural Plate ; Neural Tube ; Neurulation ; Rats*

No abstract available.

BACKGROUND: Models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) that have proposed a hypodopaminergic state resulting in hypofunction of the prefrontal circuitry have assumed a unitary dopamine system, which largely ignores the distinct functional differences between mesocortical dopamine system and nigrostriatal dopamine system. PURPOSE: The author's goal was to develop a pathophysiological model for ADHD with greater explanotory power than dopaminergic hypofunction hypothesis in prefronal circuitry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Published clinical findings on ADHD were integrated with data from genetic, pharmacological, neuroimaging studies in human and animals. RESULTS: Molecular genetic studies suggest that three genes may increase the susceptibility to ADHD. The three candidate genes associated with ADHD are each involved in dopaminergic function, and this consistent with the neurobiologic studies implicating catecholamines in the etiology of ADHD. Pharmacological data also provide compelling support for dopamine and noradrenergic hypothesis of ADHD. Neuroimaging studies lend substantial support for the hypothesis that right-sided abnormalities of prefrontal-basal ganglia circuit would be found in ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: The present hypothesis takes advantage of the major differences between the two pertinent dopamine systems. Mesocortical dopamine system, which largely lacks inhibitory autoreceptors, is ideally positioned to regulate cortical inputs, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio for biologically valued signals. In this circuit, therapeutic doses of stimulants are hypothesized to increase postsynaptic dopamine effects and enhance executive functions. By contrast, symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity in ADHD are hypothesized to be associated with relative overactivity of nigrostriatal circuit. This nigrostriatal circuit is tightly regulated by inhibitory autoreceptoors as well as by long distance feedback from the cortex, and slow diffusion of therapeutic doses of stimulant via oral administration is hypothesized to produce a net inhibition of dopaminergic neurotransmission and improves hyperactivity.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Autoreceptors ; Catecholamines ; Diffusion ; Dopamine ; Dopamine Agents ; Executive Function ; Ganglia ; Humans ; Molecular Biology ; Neuroimaging ; Signal-To-Noise Ratio ; Synaptic Transmission