Surveys about attitudes towards those with epilepsy have been performed since 1949, in order to understand the social stigma toward epilepsy. This review aims to demonstrate the variation in public attitudes towards epilepsy and its associated factors, with a critical review of the methodology used to examine attitudes towards epilepsy. There was marked variation of attitudes between Western and non-Western populations, and these attitudes were positively correlated with the standard of living. Besides the general public, studies were also performed within specifi c groups, particularly teachers and students. However absence of a standardized questionnaire makes direct comparison diffi cult. A few quantitative methods were developed but these were limited by cultural variations and thus lack of global acceptance. Short-term intervention studies demonstrate an improvement of attitude with knowledge. Nonetheless, the cultural and social reasons underlying the attitudes, and how this affects the life of people with epilepsy, are understudied. Therefore, surveys on attitudes should continue to be carried out, particularly in populations prone to have negative attitudes with emphasis on underlying reasons, and such progress should be monitored longitudinally. Attitudes of people such as parents, teachers, school counselors, health care professionals, and employers, which have a direct impact on people with epilepsy, should be more extensively studied.

Cyclic strabismus is now well recognized, but remains a rare entity. This heterotropia represents an interesting ocular motility problem in which the ocular deviation is present on a rhythmic basis, usually a 48 hour cycle. On the strabismic day, constant heterotropia is large and associated with suppression and no diplopia. On the nonstrabismic day, no deviation or only a small heterophoria is present with good binocular function. Most of these strabismus were presented with esotropia, but in our case, the pattern of deviation is cyclic exotropia. This is a very rare and unique feature.
Diplopia ; Esotropia ; Exotropia* ; Strabismus ; Telescopes

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether Fas-L expression is associated with increased apoptotic induction of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in human gastric carcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The author analysed 38 cases of early gastric carcinoma (EGC) and 61 cases of advanced gastric carcinoma (AGC) who received gastric resection, in whom the number of diffuse type was 38 cases and the number of intestinal type was 61 cases. The author used immunohistochemical staining for Fas, Fas-L and CD45, and TUNEL in situ apoptosis detection kit. TIL were detected by CD45 and apoptosis of TIL were detected by CD45 expression and TUNEL positivity on serial histologic sections. RESULTS: Fas-L was localized to neoplastic cells in 61% (23/38) of EGC group and 66% (40/61) of AGC group. The extent of Fas-L expression was variable, with both Fas-L positive and negative neoplastic region occuring within tumors. TIL adjacent to Fas-L expressing tumor region were decreased in number and TIL adjacent to FasL-negative tumor region were increased in number; apoptotic induction of TIL showed just the opposite pattern (p<0.05). Fas expression was found essentially homogeneously throughout the tumor mass independent of tumor stage. Fas expression showed 64% (39/61) of intestinal type and 68% (26/38) of diffuse type. Labeling indices for tumoral apoptosis in EGC and AGC were 6.72% and 7.13%, respectively and this difference was statistically insignificant. Co-expression of Fas-L and Fas, which occurred over large areas of the tumors, did not result in an enhanced rate of tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, factors such as tumor stage and other prognostic factors were not concerned in Fas and Fas-L expression, number of TIL and apoptotic induction. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest Fas-mediated apoptotic depletion of TIL in response to Fas-L expression by stomach cancers, and provide the evidence to support the Fas counterattack as a mechanism of immune escape in gastric cancer. In addition, gastric carcinoma cells of the intestinal and diffuse type did not differ in their expression of the apoptotic receptor Fas.
Apoptosis* ; Humans ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating ; Stomach Neoplasms ; United Nations

The volumetry by cineangiocardiography is known to have the most diagnostic and prognostic value in theevalutaion of various valvular heart diseases and ischemic heart diseases. Athough many authors favor thearea-length method for the voulmetry of left ventricle, 45degrees RAO projection seems to be more simple,inexpensive and acurate technique, considering the positional relationship of cardiac valves and obliquity of thelong axis of left ventricle within the chest cage. Authors present the anatomical, geometrical and radiologicalbasis for the superiority of 45degrees RAO projection by analyzing 20 normal heart specimen and 115cineangiocardiograms of valvular heart disease, and the results as follows; 1. Blood flow and motility of themitral and aortic valves can be more clearly demonstrated by 45degrees RAO projection than by AP view. 2. The longdiameter of left ventricular silhouette made 45degrees RAO projection reflects 90% or more of real diameter. 3. InRAO 45degrees position, patient's left nipple is optimal and convenient level for the ruler offering accuratemagnification coefficient of left ventricle. 4. Ejection fration after the extrasystole is exaggerated regardlessof the left ventricular function, so it is desirable to exclude the 2 or 3 beats after extrasystole.
Aortic Valve ; Cardiac Complexes, Premature ; Heart ; Heart Valve Diseases ; Heart Valves ; Heart Ventricles ; Methods ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Nipples ; Thorax ; Ventricular Function, Left

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the features of pulmonary lobes and fissure in Korean and to compare with the previous results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HRCT scans of 82 healthy Korean adults, performed with scan interval of 1.5/2.0 cm, were reviewed. RESULTS: Located mostly on inner aspect, incidences of incomplete oblique and horizontal fissure were 60% (Rt 48%, Lt 39%) and 51% respectively, lower than 70--80% and 60--75% of western studies. Superolateral oblique fissure, inferior accessory fissure, left horizontal fissure and other accessory fissure were shown in 1%, 13%, 7%, and 8% respectively. Lower lobe upper part faced laterally (Rt 91%, Lt 82%) while lower part faced medially (Rt 61%, Lt 79%). Right middle lobe ws highest posteromedially (49%) and was convex (97%). CONCLUSION: Features of pulmonary lobes and fissure in Korean were similar to the results of previous reports but with lower incidence of variation.
Adult ; Humans ; Incidence

Accurate reproduction of intraoral tissue is essential in the fabrication of fixed prosthesis. This selection of impression material and method is very important. In this study, vinyl polysiloxane type impression material Panasil was used. Three impression methods ; one-step technique, individual tray technique, and individual tooth tray technique using the vinyl polysiloxane type bite registration material Futar Occlusion, were used to take horizontal and vertical impression. Improved stone models were fabricated. The amount of occlusal surface discrepaneies, interabutment distance discrepancies, amount of marginal defect were evaluated with the X-PLAN360d and photoscanning. The results were as follows. 1. There was no significant difference in occlusal surface according to the directions and techniques of impression taking. 2. There was no significant difference in interabutment distance discrepancies according to the directions and techniques of impression taking 3. There was no significant difference in marginal discrepancies according to the direction of impression taking but there was significant difference between one-step technique and individual tray technique, individual tooth tray technique (P<0.05). Taken together, these results suggest that individual tray technique and individual tooth tray technique are more accurate for impression taking than one-step technique.
Jaw Relation Record ; Prostheses and Implants ; Reproduction ; Siloxanes ; Tooth

With development of immunochemical methods for anlysis of serum proteins, quantitative determination of serum immunoglobulin levels and purification of them have been made possible in recent years. There are numerous reports about immunoglobulin levels in various diseases. A search of the literature reveals very few reports of quantitative immunoglobulin determinations in allergic dermatoses. The present study was conducted to find quantitative changes of serum immunoglobulins in a few allergic dermatoses. To quantify the IgG, IgA and IgM, one hundred and two sera were analysed form 30 normal control group, 30 contact dermatitis patients, 12 stopic dermatitis patients and 30 urticaria patients by modified Oudin's capillary tube method. The results are as follows. 1.In contact dermatitis the IgG was significantly increased to compare with control group(p<0.01) 2.In atopic dermatitis the IgA was significantly increased to compare with control group(p<0.01) 3.In urticaria the IgG was increased (p<0.05) 4.The IgM has no differences between allergic dermatoses and control group.
Blood Proteins ; Capillaries ; Dermatitis ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Dermatitis, Contact ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulins ; Skin Diseases* ; Urticaria

No abstract available.
Animals ; Interleukin-2* ; Interleukin-6* ; Mice* ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa* ; Pseudomonas*

In this study, 4 types of dowel pin were used to fabricate removable dies using the Pindex system. The xomparison of interabutment distances between before and after sawing were conducted in each type of dowel pin, and the horizontal discrepancies in the interabutment distance according to the abutment location and the type of dowel pin were comparatively analyzed. Abutments LM(left molar), LP(left premolar), A(anterior), RP(right premolar), and RM(right molar) were used for measurement. The interabutment distances were measured between each abutment : LM-LP, LM-A, LM-RP, and LM-RM. The slide scanned image of each model was magnified on the computer screen and the measurements were conducted using the meeting point of the cross on the occlusal surface of each abutment. The results were as follows : 1. In the comparison of interabutment distances between before and after sawing in each type of dowel pin, there was no significant difference in World dowel pin(double), Bi-pin(double), Maxcel dowel pin(single). In the World dowel pin(single) there was no significant difference between LM-LPs, but in the other measurements (LM-As, LM-RPs, and LM-RMs) there was significant difference between before and after sawing(p<0.05). 2. In comparison of horizontal discrepancies of the measurement LM-LP(0.27+/-0.19mm)and the others : LM-A(0.46+/-0.20mm), LM-RP(0.38+/-0.25mm), LM-RM(0.45+/-0.22mm)(p<0.05). 3. In comparison of horizontal discrepancies of the measurment according to the type of dowel, there was no significant difference between each dowel. As a result when fabricating a removable die using the previously mentioned 4 types of dowel pins, it is thought that the horizontal discrepancy increased in proportion to the interabutment span length and does not depend on the type of dowel pin.

No abstract available.
Adult* ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation* ; Humans ; Liver Transplantation* ; Liver* ; Pulmonary Embolism*