Surveys about attitudes towards those with epilepsy have been performed since 1949, in order to understand the social stigma toward epilepsy. This review aims to demonstrate the variation in public attitudes towards epilepsy and its associated factors, with a critical review of the methodology used to examine attitudes towards epilepsy. There was marked variation of attitudes between Western and non-Western populations, and these attitudes were positively correlated with the standard of living. Besides the general public, studies were also performed within specifi c groups, particularly teachers and students. However absence of a standardized questionnaire makes direct comparison diffi cult. A few quantitative methods were developed but these were limited by cultural variations and thus lack of global acceptance. Short-term intervention studies demonstrate an improvement of attitude with knowledge. Nonetheless, the cultural and social reasons underlying the attitudes, and how this affects the life of people with epilepsy, are understudied. Therefore, surveys on attitudes should continue to be carried out, particularly in populations prone to have negative attitudes with emphasis on underlying reasons, and such progress should be monitored longitudinally. Attitudes of people such as parents, teachers, school counselors, health care professionals, and employers, which have a direct impact on people with epilepsy, should be more extensively studied.

Cyclic strabismus is now well recognized, but remains a rare entity. This heterotropia represents an interesting ocular motility problem in which the ocular deviation is present on a rhythmic basis, usually a 48 hour cycle. On the strabismic day, constant heterotropia is large and associated with suppression and no diplopia. On the nonstrabismic day, no deviation or only a small heterophoria is present with good binocular function. Most of these strabismus were presented with esotropia, but in our case, the pattern of deviation is cyclic exotropia. This is a very rare and unique feature.
Diplopia ; Esotropia ; Exotropia* ; Strabismus ; Telescopes

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether Fas-L expression is associated with increased apoptotic induction of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in human gastric carcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The author analysed 38 cases of early gastric carcinoma (EGC) and 61 cases of advanced gastric carcinoma (AGC) who received gastric resection, in whom the number of diffuse type was 38 cases and the number of intestinal type was 61 cases. The author used immunohistochemical staining for Fas, Fas-L and CD45, and TUNEL in situ apoptosis detection kit. TIL were detected by CD45 and apoptosis of TIL were detected by CD45 expression and TUNEL positivity on serial histologic sections. RESULTS: Fas-L was localized to neoplastic cells in 61% (23/38) of EGC group and 66% (40/61) of AGC group. The extent of Fas-L expression was variable, with both Fas-L positive and negative neoplastic region occuring within tumors. TIL adjacent to Fas-L expressing tumor region were decreased in number and TIL adjacent to FasL-negative tumor region were increased in number; apoptotic induction of TIL showed just the opposite pattern (p<0.05). Fas expression was found essentially homogeneously throughout the tumor mass independent of tumor stage. Fas expression showed 64% (39/61) of intestinal type and 68% (26/38) of diffuse type. Labeling indices for tumoral apoptosis in EGC and AGC were 6.72% and 7.13%, respectively and this difference was statistically insignificant. Co-expression of Fas-L and Fas, which occurred over large areas of the tumors, did not result in an enhanced rate of tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, factors such as tumor stage and other prognostic factors were not concerned in Fas and Fas-L expression, number of TIL and apoptotic induction. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest Fas-mediated apoptotic depletion of TIL in response to Fas-L expression by stomach cancers, and provide the evidence to support the Fas counterattack as a mechanism of immune escape in gastric cancer. In addition, gastric carcinoma cells of the intestinal and diffuse type did not differ in their expression of the apoptotic receptor Fas.
Apoptosis* ; Humans ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating ; Stomach Neoplasms ; United Nations

The volumetry by cineangiocardiography is known to have the most diagnostic and prognostic value in theevalutaion of various valvular heart diseases and ischemic heart diseases. Athough many authors favor thearea-length method for the voulmetry of left ventricle, 45degrees RAO projection seems to be more simple,inexpensive and acurate technique, considering the positional relationship of cardiac valves and obliquity of thelong axis of left ventricle within the chest cage. Authors present the anatomical, geometrical and radiologicalbasis for the superiority of 45degrees RAO projection by analyzing 20 normal heart specimen and 115cineangiocardiograms of valvular heart disease, and the results as follows; 1. Blood flow and motility of themitral and aortic valves can be more clearly demonstrated by 45degrees RAO projection than by AP view. 2. The longdiameter of left ventricular silhouette made 45degrees RAO projection reflects 90% or more of real diameter. 3. InRAO 45degrees position, patient's left nipple is optimal and convenient level for the ruler offering accuratemagnification coefficient of left ventricle. 4. Ejection fration after the extrasystole is exaggerated regardlessof the left ventricular function, so it is desirable to exclude the 2 or 3 beats after extrasystole.
Aortic Valve ; Cardiac Complexes, Premature ; Heart ; Heart Valve Diseases ; Heart Valves ; Heart Ventricles ; Methods ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Nipples ; Thorax ; Ventricular Function, Left

No abstract available.
Anxiety* ; Depression* ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation* ; Kidney* ; Renal Dialysis*

In-Ceram system is one of contemporary esthetic all ceramic restorations and has relatively high flexural strength. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal fidelity according to type of resin cement and measuring position, and to evaluate fracture strength according to type of resin cement. In this study, twenty seven In-Ceram crowns were fabricated on the metal master die of prepared maxillary right central incisor and devided into three groups. All specimens were cemented with Panavia 21 (group PV), Super-bond (group SB) and Lute-it (group LI) on the metal master die. After cementation, specimens were measured marginal gap between the margin of the In-Ceram crown and the finishing line of metal master die by using a stereomicroscope (SZ-ST, Olympus, Japan). Marginal gaps were recorded at the labial, lingual, mesial and distal measuring points on the metal master die. For the mesurement of fracture strength, lingual surfaces of cemented specimens were loaded at a distance of 1mm from incisal edge by using the Autograph S-2000 (Shimadzu, Japan). The results of marginal fidelity and fracture strength were statistically analyzed with the SPSS version 8.0 programs. The results of this study were as follows: 1. In comparison of marginal fidelity according to the measuring points, there was no significant difference. 2. The marginal fidelity according to the type of resin cement was decreased in order of group LI (63.75micrometer), SB (77.78micrometer), PV (86.53micrometer), and there was significant difference between group LI and PV (p<0.05). 3. The fracture strength according to the type of resin cement was showed descending order of group LI (60.00kg/cm2), SB (56.80kg/cm2), PV (56.11kg/cm2), but there was no significant difference.
Cementation ; Ceramics ; Crowns* ; Incisor ; Resin Cements*

No abstract available.
Adult* ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation* ; Humans ; Liver Transplantation* ; Liver* ; Pulmonary Embolism*

The color change of maxillofacial silicone has been attributed to certain environmental factors such as exposure to the UV component of natural sunlight, wetting and drying of the elastomer, and surface abrasion resulting from the application and removal of cosmetics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color change of maxillofacial silicone (Silastic MDX4-4210) according to type of pigment (cadmium yellow, titanium white, cosmetic red), and UV absorber application method after 200, 400, and 600 hours of 350nm UV light irradiation. The results were as follows. 1. According to type of pigments, after 200 hours cosmetic red showed significantly larger color change than cadmium yellow and titanium white, and after 400 and 600 hours color change significantly decreased in the order of cosmetic red, cadmium yellow, and titanium white (p<0.05). 2. In the cadmium yellow group, after 200 hours, the non-treatment group showed significantly larger color change, but after 400 and 600hours, color change significantly decreased in the order of non-treatment, surface application and mixed group (p<0.05). 3. In the titanium white group, there was no significant color change difference between the three groups after 200 and 400 hours, but after 600 hours, the mixed group showed significantly smaller color change than the non-treatment and surface application groups (p<0.05). 4. In the cosmetic red group, there was significant decrease in color change in the order non-treatment, surface application and mixed group (p<0.05). From the results above, the effect of UV light absorber differed according to the type of pigment, but mixing UV light aborber with maxillofacial silicone is thought to give superior resistance against UV light irradiation in the long run.
Cadmium ; Elastomers ; Silicones* ; Sunlight ; Titanium ; Ultraviolet Rays*

Dental porcelain should have adequate strength and similar esthetics as natural teeth. Recently esthetics has become a high priority in clinical dentistry. Thus the evaluation of color stability of dental porcelain has become an important part in dental research. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference in color stability of 3 types of porcelain (Vintage, VMK 95, CERAMCO II). The porcelain were divided into groups by 2 types of treatment (Glazing or non-glazing and thermocycling or non-thermocycling). The porcelain wee dyed with methylene blue and distilled water, and then the color stability was evaluated with a spectrophotometer. The results were as follow ; 1. The color change of porcelain increased in the order of VMK 95, Vintage, CERAMCO II. But there was no significant difference. 2. The color change decreased in the glazing group compared to the non-glazing group(p<0.05). 3. The color change increased after thermocycling But there was no significant difference. 4. The color change according to dye method was significantly larger with methylene blue copared to distilled water(P<0.05).
Crowns* ; Dental Porcelain* ; Dental Research ; Dentistry ; Esthetics ; Methylene Blue ; Tooth ; Water

Accurate impression is very important to achieve desirable prosthesis and there are many factors in taking a good impression. For example, types of impression material, types of impression tray, impression taking methods and so on. Recently individual tooth tray technique is accepted as obtaining good impression that can be applied to multiple abutment impression, heavy salivated patient, to minimize the effect of natural teeth' s undercuts and to reduce pain during cord packing procedures. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy according to materials and forms of the individual tooth tray which is clinically applied nowadays. Used materials in experiment were divided into 3 types (acrylic resin, Futar' occlusion, Blu-mousse) and forms were divided into 2 types (forming occlusal vent hole or not and forming marginal vent space or not). Stone master model from impression body and metal master model were measured by X-PLAN360d to compare occlusal surface discrepancy and marginal discrepancy. The results were as follows 1. In comparison of occlusal surface discrepancy and marginal discrepancy according to materials, groups with three materials showed no statistical difference. 2. In comparison of occlusal surface discrepancy and marginal discrepancy according to occlusal vent hole, groups with occlusal vent hole showed significantly less marginal discrepancy than groups with no occlusal vent hole(p<0.05). 3. In comparison of occlusal surface discrepancy and marginal discrepancy according to 0.5mm marginal-vent-space, groups with no 0.5mm-marginal-vent-space showed significantly less mar ginal discrepancy than groups with 0.5mm-marginal-vent-space(p<0.05). In summary, these results suggest that individual tooth tray made of 3 types of materials with occlusal vent hole and individual tooth tray made of acrylic resin with no marginal vent space showed good accuracy of impression. In addition, individual tooth tray which is made of bite registration materials may be more useful because of advantage in facility and timesaving aspect of fabrication.
Humans ; Jaw Relation Record ; Prostheses and Implants ; Tooth*