Since Duhamel (1739), numerous experimental studies on the longitudinal growth of growing long bone have been reported. In Hales(1747) experience, growing long bone showed overgrowth after drilling in the tibia of chickens. David(1924) observed the fact that various degrees of shortening disappeared within 15 months after fracture of the femur in children and he concluded that fractures in children should be treated with the caution that the growing long bone has a tendency to increase in length after injury. Bisgard(1936) concluded that shortening from overriding of fragments in fractured extremities of children will frequently, but not invariablly, become partially or totally eliminated by the acceleration of growth which incidentaIly results from the inflammatory process, incited by trauma and fracture repair. Hass(1926) reported that interstitial proliferation of osseous tissue plays no part in the elongation of a growing bone, either in the mature bone or the young osteoid tissue bordering on the epiphyseal cartilage plate, and length growth of bone is entirely dependant on the purposeful multiplication of cartilage cells of the epiphyseal cartilage plate. Ham(1952) reported that the growth of long bone depends upon the interstitial growth of cartilage. This study was initiated to investigate the effects of fractures in the longitudinal bone growth of growing bone. Artificial fractures were made at two different sites in the diaphysis of the tibia in young rabbits. The operation for artificial fracture was performed under general anesthesia with ether. The type of fracture was an incomplete one, leaving a part of the posterior cortex of the tibia, in order to prevent the displacement of fractured fragments. In all of the cases, no cast immobilization was applied. After the fractures, follow up observations were made weekly till the 4th week, and thereafter at two week intervals, with roentgenographic, lethal measurement and histological examination. The results were as follows; 1) Longitudinal bone growth was increased from fracture of the diaphysis of growing long bone. 2) Compared with the control limb, tendency to overgrowth of growing bone was noted from the first week after the operation. 3) In follow up measurements, no growth inhibition was observed till the 10th week after the operation, but, thereafter, a tendency to reduce the proliferation of cartilage cells was noted. 4) In cases of fracture of the mid 1/3, the gorwing activity in the epiphyseal plate was increased more than from proximal 1/3 fractures. 5) The bony growth, accelerated by fractures in diaphysis of growing long bone without displacement was transient, and the prolonged overgrowth was compensated by the reduction of growing activity and premature closure of the epiphysis.
Acceleration ; Anesthesia, General ; Bone Development ; Cartilage ; Chickens ; Child ; Diaphyses ; Epiphyses ; Ether ; Extremities ; Femur ; Follow-Up Studies ; Growth Plate ; Humans ; Immobilization ; Rabbits ; Tibia

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans

Nasal congestion is one of the most common symptoms of medical complaints. Snoring is caused by vibration of the uvula and the soft palate. Nasal obstruction may contribute not only to snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) but also impair application of continuous nasal positive airway pressure (CPAP), which is the most widely employed treatment for OSA. Total or near-total nasal obstruction leads to mouth breathing and has been shown to cause increased airway resistance. However, the exact role of the nasal airway in the pathogenesis of OSA is not clear and there is no consensus about the role of nasal obstruction in snoring and sleep apnea. Some reports have failed to demonstrate any correlation between snoring and nasal obstruction. On the other hand, opposing reports suggest that nasal disease may cause sleep disorders and that snoring can be improved after nasoseptal surgery. Reduced cross-sectional area causes increased nasal resistance and predisposes the patient to inspiratory collapse of the oropharynx, hypopharynx, or both. Discrete abnormalities of the nasal airway, such as septal deformities, nasal polyps, and choanal atresia and with certain mucosal conditions such as sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and inferior turbinate hypertrophy can cause snoring or OSA. Thus, these sources of nasal obstruction should be corrected medically or surgically for the effective management of OSA and adjunctive for CPAP.
Airway Resistance ; Choanal Atresia ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Consensus ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Hand ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Hypopharynx ; Mouth Breathing ; Nasal Obstruction ; Nasal Polyps ; Nose ; Nose Diseases* ; Oropharynx ; Palate, Soft ; Rhinitis ; Sinusitis ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes* ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; Snoring* ; Turbinates ; Uvula ; Vibration

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Education* ; Informatics*

To observe whether the measurement of enzyme activity has any critical role in assesment of diagnostic value, beta-glucuronidase and lactic dehydrogenase activities in neoplastic tissue of stomach were compared with those in the stomach at the stomach mucosa at the antrum and body which was uninvolved by tumor. And then activities of those enzymes were also compared with differentiated and undifferentiated carcinomas. The stomach tested were obtained by gastrectomy in Pusan National University Hospital during the months from March to June in 1983. The results were summarized as follows: 1) beta-glucuronidase activity in the neoplastic tissue of stomach was higher than that in the antral and body mucosa, and this enzyme activity in the antral mucosa with intestinal metaplasia was higher than that in the body mucosa of stomach. 2) Lactic dehydrogenase activity in the neoplastic tissue of stomach was similar to that in the antral mucosa with intestinal metaplasia, and was higher than that in the body mucosa of stomach. 3) Acitivities of both enzymes in the neoplastic tissue of differentiated carcinoma were slightly higher than that of undifferentiated one, but did not found statistically significant difference. 4) In the neoplastic tissue of the stomach there was no significant correlation between beta-glucuronidase and latic dehydrogenase activities. Above results support that the measurement of gastric juice enzymes is useful in the diagnosis of stomach carcinoma and may be of value in the identification of high-risk groups.

Twenty cases of gallbladder cancers were examined using 5 mm stepwise tissue sections. We analyzed the clinicopathologic findings of the early (stage 1, II) and advanced carcinoma (stage III, IV, V) and those of carcinoma with or without metaplasia in the tumor. We also performed CEA and p53 immunohistochemical staining and compared their findings with those of normal mucosa and preneoplastic lesions. The results were as follow: 1) All of the early carcinomas (n=5) were incidentally diagnosed after the resection for the gallstone. They were compared to advanced carcinoma (n=15) in the absence of the lymphatic or angioinvasion, recurrence, metastasis and death. 2) Metaplastic and non-metaplastic carcinoma did not reveal any difference of the clinicopathologic findings except age distribution. 3) CEA and p53 were positive in preneoplastic and malignant lesions. The extent of staining was related to the degree of the atypia. From the above results, an early detection of gallbladder cancer is very important for the prognosis of the patients. Since preoperative diagnosis is difficult, thorough pathologic examination of routinely resected gallbladder is necessary for the early diagnosis. CEA and p53 immunohistochemical staining may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesion of the gallbladder.
Age Distribution ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Early Diagnosis ; Gallbladder Neoplasms* ; Gallbladder* ; Gallstones ; Humans ; Metaplasia* ; Mucous Membrane ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Recurrence

In order to observe the complement fixation test and immuno-diffusion test of paragonimiasis, the sera taken at 10 days intervals up to 150 days from cats infected with Paragonimus westermani were examined by the above two immunological methods. The resultant findings were as follows: The complement fixation test showed positive reaction 20 days after the infection with 20 metacercariae, and 40-50 days after the infection with 10 metacercariae. The highest titer was observed 110 days later following the acceleration at 80 days later. In immuno-diffusion test, one are appeared 30 days after the infection with 20 metacercariae, but 60 days after the infection with 10 metacercariae. However, more than two arcs were observed since 70 days after infection. A relatively wide band appeared by the antigens of Fresh worm material and Somatic material. But relatively clear precipitin lines were observed in the diffusion test with V.B.S. antigen, increasing to 3-4 arcs after 110days. In general, complement fixation test showed earlier and higher sensitive reaction than immuno-diffusion test, and was considered to be more valuable method forr immunological diagnosis.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Paragonimus westermani ; immunology ; cat ; complement fixation test ; immuno-diffusion test

No abstract available.
Female* ; Humans ; Quality of Life*

The correlation of metaplasia to dysplasia and carcinoma in the gallbladder has attracted the attention of many investigators. We mapped and examined a total of 263 cholecystectomized gallbladders to analyze the mucosal changes in the carcinogenesis of the gallbladder. Stones were present in 59.7%, hyperplasia in 28.5%, metaplasia in 55.5% (gastric 37.6%, intestinal 17.9%), dysplasia in 17.1% (low grade 9.1%, high grade 8%) and carcinoma in 7.6%. Metaplasia was more frequently identified in the stone-positive group (62.4%) than in the stone-negative group (45.3%) (P<0.05). Especially, the incidence of intestinal metaplasia was significantly higher in the stone-positive group. Dysplasia and carcinoma were more frequent in the metaplasia-positive group (dysplasia 26.7%, carcinoma 11%) than in the metaplasia-negative group (dysplasia 5.1%, carcinoma 3.4%) (P<0.05). Their incidences were significantly higher in the intestinal metaplasia than in the gastric metaplasia. Forty four percent of the dysplasia-positive cases were associated with carcinoma in the adjacent mucosa but carcinoma was absent in the dysplasia-negative cases. Hyperplasia did not reveal any significant correlation with metaplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma. These results suggest that gallstone is causally related to the metaplasia in the gallbladder and the metaplasia-dysplasia- carcinoma sequence exists in the gallbladder.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Carcinogenesis ; Gallbladder* ; Gallstones ; Humans ; Hyperplasia* ; Incidence ; Metaplasia* ; Mucous Membrane ; Research Personnel