No abstract available.
Snake Bites* ; Snakes*

It is highly desirable to achieve optimal reproductive performance, reliable morphological and physiological basic data of the reproductive organs. Therefore, seasonal changes in serum testosterone, LH, and FSH concentrations, and morphological changes in testicular epithelial cells were studied in the Korean native pheasant throughout the annual cycle. Mature male pheasants[14-16 months after hatching] were used in this study. The general morphological changes of the epithelia of the seminiferous tubules were observed by dibasic stain, and semithin section from Epon blocks with a phase contrast microscopy. The ultrastructural changes of the the epithelia of the seminiferous tubules were investigated by ultrathin section with transmission electron microscope. The changes in the profiles of the serum FSH, LH, and testosterone concentratioins were measured by RIA[radioimmunoassay]. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. There was little variation in the average diameter of the seminiferous tubules from autumn[67.13+/-5.95micrometer] to winter[68.59+/-6.07micrometer], but the highest levels were reached in spring[192.78+/-41.58micrometer]. Thereafter, the diameter decreased slowly in summer[146.57+/-43.68micrometer], then decreased significantly in autumn[67.13+/-5.95micrometer]. 2. Serum testosterne concentration was low from autumn[13.+/-7.21ng/100ml] to winter[17.39+/-13.75ng/100ml], but the highest levels were reached in spring[127.72+/-66.47 ng/100ml]. Thereafter, the concentration was lowest in autumn[13.+/-7.21ng/100ml]. 3. Serum LH concentration increased slowly and linealy from autumn[5.04+/-1.04ng/100ml] to winter[6.23+/-1.08ng/100ml], but the highest levels were reached in spring[11.3+/-3.6 ng/100ml]. Thereafter, the concentration reached the lowest level in autumn[5.04+/-1.04 ng/100ml]. 4. Serum FSH concentration was low from autumn[4.65+/-0.63ng/100ml] to winter[4.2+/-0.98ng/100ml], but the highest levels were reached in spring[17.41+/-8.35ng/100ml]. Thereafter, concentration was the lowest in autumn[4.65+/-0.63ng/100ml]. 5. The seminiferous tubules showed the onset of the spermatongenic cycle in spring but the seminiferous tubules collected in summer exhibited partially degenerative changes. 6. The cytoplasmic process of Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules of the pheasant were collected in summer. Many vesicles and degeneratiye changes were included but many number of spermatozoa were embedded partially in the multivesicular bodies in these processes. 7. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules of the pheasant narrowed markedly in autumn, and atrophied in winter. The spermatogonia and Sertoli cells were arranged in monolayer. 8. The myelin figures in the cytoplasmic process of Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules of the pheasant in autumn. The nucleus of the Sertoli cells were of a round configuration elongated and oriented perpendicularly to the basement membrane. The results obtained provide basic data for reproductive physiology and are useful for studying the male genital organs of the Korean native pheasant. Structural changes of the seminiferous epithelial cells significantly and postively correlated with serum FSH, LH. The correlation of changes in the hormonal status with alterations of Sertoli cell organells precedes the breeding season.
Basement Membrane ; Breeding ; Cytoplasm ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium* ; Genitalia, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast ; Multivesicular Bodies ; Myelin Sheath ; Physiology ; Seasons* ; Seminiferous Tubules* ; Sertoli Cells ; Spermatogonia ; Spermatozoa ; Testosterone*

To identify the central innervating the mammary nerve, viral retrograde transneuronal labelling methods were employed. Pseudorabies virus 6 microliter was injected into the mammary nerve of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. After 4 days of survival, the animals were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde-lysine periodate and their brains were processed for immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescent staining of Pseudorabies virus or oxytocin using polyclonal antibodies. Several nuclei in brain were retrogradely labelled with Pesudorabies virus.Only a few magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus throughout whole brain showed double immunoreactivity to Pseudorabies virus and oxytocin. Approximately 11 percent of the oxytocinergic cells of the paraventricular nucleus,especially in three subnuclei[dorsomedial cap, lateral magnocelluar part and ventral part] showed double positive reaction to both Pseudorabies virus and oxytocin. These data demonstrate that some CNS cells projecting to the mammary nerve contained oxytocin and it may acts as a neurotransmitter in this pathway and a hormone targeting milk production and secretion.
Adult ; Animals ; Antibodies ; Brain ; Female ; Herpesvirus 1, Suid ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Milk ; Neurons ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Oxytocin ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Pseudorabies ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

To evaluate the depth of enflurane anesthesia, spectrum analysis of rat EEG was used. Bipolar EEG was recorded through one lead form rat scalp during inhalation with 1,2,3 and 4% of enflurane, and analysed to produce the spectrum from which the density of each band(delta 1-3.25Hz, theta 3.5-7.75Hz, alpha 8-12.75Hz, beta2 18-20.75Hz, and beta3 21-31.75Hz)and total density, and medican power frequency were calculated. Differences among the EEG patterns, which were represented by F values through discriminant analysis of those 8 variables, in each level of anesthesia were significant among all concentrations except between 1% and 2% enflurane administration. The results suggest that the discriminat anlysis for the EEG parameters derived from power spectrum analysis can apply to determine the level of enflurane anesthesia.
Anesthesia ; Anesthetics* ; Animals ; Electroencephalography* ; Enflurane* ; Inhalation ; Rats* ; Scalp ; Spectrum Analysis*

The dose-related effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on the rat EEG were evaluated qusntitstively by spectral analysis of the EEG recorded from the rat skull. The anesthetics were inhaled by animal ventilator into 10L glass bottle, in which the preparated rats were placed, at various concentrations, and then bipolar EEG was recorded from the rat skull and its spectrum was calculated by power speetral analysis. The density of each spectral bands (delta 1-3.25, theta 3.5-7.75, alpha 8-12.25, and beta 13-31.75Hz), total density, delta ratio, spectral edge frequency, and medisn power frequency were derived from the spectra. With inspection of conventional EEG, 1.5 MAC of hslothane revealed spindles, but higher dose decreased the amplitude. 1.5 MAC of enflurane revealed a lot of spike waves but 2.0 MAC revealed several spike waves and decreased the amplitude, and 1.5 MAC isoflurane revealed isolated spike waves but 2.0 MAC revealed cerebro- electrical silence. In quantitative spectral analysis of EEG, significant EEG changes were identified during inhalation of all anestheties. In halothane dominent frequencies in EEG were delta waves at 1.5 MAC and 2.0 MAC. In enflurane dominent waves in EEG were theta waves at 1.5 MAC and 2.0 MAC and in isoflurane those were theta waves. Taken together, these findings suggest that analysis for EEG parameters derived from power spectral analysis could be applied to determine the depth of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane anesthesia.
Anesthesia ; Anesthetics ; Animals ; Electroencephalography* ; Enflurane* ; Glass ; Halothane* ; Inhalation* ; Isoflurane* ; Rats* ; Skull ; Spectrum Analysis ; Ventilators, Mechanical

PURPOSE: To evaluate CT findings which may help differentiate benign from malignant parotid tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The CT findings of seventy-one cases with surgically-proven parotid tumors were retrospectively analysed for size, location, margin, internal density, adjacent tissue plane and lymphadenopathy. RESULTS: The margin of the mass was smooth and sharp in most benign tumors (89.5%), and irregular or indistinct in twelve which were malignant (75%, p<0.01). With regard to internal density, 70.2% of benign tumors were homogeneous (similar to muscle) and 81.3% of malignant tumors were heterogeneous (p<0.01). When analysing low density patterns within the mass, focal low densities in benign tumors (11/17) and diffuse or scattered multifocal low densities in those which were maligant (8/13) were frequently seen. Three malignant tumors invaded adjacent muscles, the parapharyngeal space, and bones, each in one case, and twelve malignant and one benign tumor infiltrated the adjacent fascia or subcutaneous fat layer. In five patients with a malignant tumor, obliteration by the mass of the fat plane between the mastoid tip and styloid process was noted, suggesting facial nerve invasion, while in three cases of malignancy, lymphadenopathy greater than 1cm was seen. CONCLUSION: In differentiating malignant and benign parotid tumors, the presence of irregular or indistinct margin of the mass, and invasion of adjacent structures, are important. Lymph node enlargement greater than 1cm and diffuse internal low densities, which may suggest necrosis or cystic change were also helpful in differential diagnosis.
Diagnosis, Differential* ; Facial Nerve ; Fascia ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Mastoid ; Muscles ; Necrosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Subcutaneous Fat

OBJECTIVE: Given the considerable disagreement between the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index and the American Board of Orthodontics Cast-Radiograph Evaluation, we aimed to develop a novel assessment system-the Improvement and Completion of Outcome (ICO) index-to evaluate the outcome of orthodontic treatment. METHODS: Sixteen criteria from 4 major categories were established to represent the pretreatment malocclusion status, as well as the degree of improvement and level of completion of outcome during/after treatment: dental relationship (arch length discrepancy, irregularity, U1-SN, and IMPA); anteroposterior relationship (overjet, right and left molar position, ANB); vertical relationship (anterior overbite, anterior open-bite, lateral open-bite, SN-MP); and transverse relationship (dental midline discrepancy, chin point deviation, posterior cross-bite, occlusal plane cant). The score for each criterion was defined from 0 or −1 (worst) to 5 (ideal value or normal occlusion) in gradations of 1. The sum of the scores in each category indicates the area and extent of the problems. Improvement and completion percentages were estimated based on the pre- and post-treatment total scores and the maximum total score. If the completion percentage exceeded 80%, treatment outcome was considered successful. RESULTS: Two cases, Class I malocclusion and skeletal Class III malocclusion, are presented to represent the assessment procedure using the ICO index. The difference in the level of improvement and completion of treatment outcome can be clearly explained by using 2 percentage values. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the ICO index enables the evaluation of the quality of orthodontic treatment objectively and consecutively throughout the entire treatment process.
Chin ; Dental Occlusion ; Malocclusion ; Molar ; Orthodontics ; Overbite ; Treatment Outcome

Chronic hypoxia has been associated with change in neurovascular behavior, mediated, in part, by erythropoietin (EPO). EPO, a hematopoietic growth factor, could act as a neurotrophic factor. In the present study, we investigated the characteristics of EPO and erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) expressions by cortical neuron in vivo and in vitro and tested the hypothesis that EPO serves protective functions under chronic hypoxia. E18, P5 and P7 mice for 3 days and primary cultured neurons for 6 days were incubated in hypoxic conditions consisted of a mixture of 10% O2, 5% CO2, 85% N2. To study expressions of EPO, EPOR, caspases, pAKT, pERK, and PARP, immunohistochemical stainning and western blotting were carried out. In addition to expressing EPO and EPOR under normoxic conditions, neurons increased their expression of EPO and EPOR under hypoxia. The effects of recombinant EPO appeared to be mediated via the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3- kinase-AKT pathway, correlated directly with activation of caspase 3. Also recombinant EPO decreased expression of caspase 8, but not caspase 9. Finally, recombinant EPO decreased apoptosis of cultured neurons as evaluated by expression of PARP. These data support a role for EPO in maintenance of cortical neuron under chronic hypoxia.
Animals ; Anoxia* ; Apoptosis ; Blotting, Western ; Caspase 3 ; Caspase 8 ; Caspase 9 ; Caspases ; Erythropoietin ; Mice ; Neurons* ; Phosphatidylinositols ; Receptors, Erythropoietin

PURPOSE: To assess the characteristic features of MR findings which would be useful for the differentiation of various spinal diseases involving paraspinal soft tissue mass. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed MR findings in 31 cases(M:F=20:11) of spinal disease in which paraspinal mass was involved. The breakdown of cases was as follows : spinal tuberculosis, 12; spinal metastasis, 13; multiple myeloma, 3; pyogenic spondylitis, 2; spinal aspergillosis; 1. RESULTS: The pattern of bone marrow invasion in spinal metastasis, multiple myeloma, spinal tuberculosis and aspergillosis was mixed ; focal, homogeneously diffuse and inhomogeneously patterns were seen. Pyogenic spondylitis showed inhomogeneously diffuse invasion; an intravertebral abscess was seen in the only five cases of spinal tuberculosis. Vertebral posterior compartment invasion was observed in seven cases of spinal tuberculosis, two of multiple myeloma, the one case of spinal aspergillosis and in all 13 cases of spinal metastasis. This and multiple myeloma showed no disc space invasion, in any case, but all cases of infectious spondylitis showed such invasion. Peripheral rim-enhancement in the paravertebral mass was seen in 11 cases of spinal tuberculosis, one case of pyogenic spondylitis and the case of aspergillosis. Bilobate anterior epidural mass was noted in 60% of spinal tuberculosis cases, 36% of spinal metastasis and one case of pyogenic spondylitis. CONCLUSION: MR findings of spinal disease involving a paraspinal soft tissue mass were useful for differentiation.
Abscess ; Aspergillosis ; Bone Marrow ; Diagnosis, Differential* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Multiple Myeloma ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Diseases ; Spondylitis ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Spinal

No abstract available.
Animals ; DNA* ; Mice* ; Vaccination*