Adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, E.C.3. 5. 4. 4; ADA), which catalyzes the deamination of adenosine to yield inosine and ammonia, was characterized in the human penile foreskin. ADA was found to be present in both layers of the skin with slightly higher activity in the epidermis(Epidermis; (7. 2+2. 3) * 10-4 unit/mg protein, Dermis;(5. 7 +1. 9) *10-4 unit/mg protein). The enzyme exhibited a broad pH optimum from 6. 5 to 8. 0 in both layers of the skin, and was heat-labile, being completely inactivated by heat treatment at 70C-75 C for 10 minutes. In contrast to the ADA of other tissue, the enzyme was inhibited by 2 mM of Cu2+, Fe2+ and Co2+ at pH7. 0 in both layers of the skin. The inhibitory effect of Cu2+ on the enzyme was stronger than other metal ions, and the enzyme was completely inactivated by 20 mM of Cu2+ in both layers. The Cu2+ inhibited enzyme activities which were recovered by adding EDTA. From the above results, it is suggested that the enzyme in both layers of the skin are consisted of same types of isozymes.
Adenosine Deaminase* ; Adenosine* ; Ammonia ; Deamination ; Edetic Acid ; Foreskin ; Hot Temperature ; Humans* ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Inosine ; Ions ; Isoenzymes ; Skin*

The twelve cases of metallic failure after compression plate fixation which were observed and treated at Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Busan National University Hospital were clinically analysed. The results were summerized as follows; 1. Age and sex of the patients was male in his active age in life. 2. The causes of fracture were traffic accidents and industrial accidents. The sites of fracture were femur in 11 cases and tibia 1 case. 3. The types of fracture were comminuted in 11 cases and short oblique in 1 case. 4. The 6 patients were not cooperative and began walking at their will after postoperative 4 weeks despite doctors order of nonweight bearing. Average duration of immobilization was 6 weeks. 5. Metallic failure occurred as screw failure in 1 case, plate failures through empty hole in 4 cases and plate failures through hole filled with screw nearest to the sites of fracture in 7 cases. 6. Interval between operation and metallic failure was 6.25 months average. The 75% of the metallic failure occurred between 4 to 7 months. 7. Treatments of metallic failures were cast immobilization with bone grafting in 1 case at tibia, intramedullary nailing with bone grafting in 1 case at femur and compression plate fixation with bone grafting in 10 cases at femur. 8. Causes of failure after internal fixation 1). Insufficient bone support Inadequate inter-fragmentary compression 9 cases Absence of cancellous bone graft 8 cases Empty plate hole 4 cases Remaining defects 3 cases 2). Inadequate postoperative treatment 6 cases.
Accidents, Occupational ; Accidents, Traffic ; Bone Transplantation ; Busan ; Femur ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary ; Humans ; Immobilization ; Male ; Orthopedics ; Tibia ; Transplants ; Walking

No abstract available.
Hemorrhage*

1) Cardiac arrhythmias were produced in 8 mongrel dogs (weight, 13 3+/-1.5 kg) by injections of epinephrine (0.002+/-0.0002mg/kg) during inhalation of 25 per cent cyclopropane in oxygen. 2) Femoral arterial pressure was measured with a Statham transducer, and Lead II of the electrocardiogram recorded on a Sanborn Twin-Viso at a paper speed of 25 mm/sec. 3) Regitine (0.47+/-0.19 mg/kg), an alpha adrenergic blocking agent, significantly decreased the pressor response to epinephrine and consistently increased (4.8+/-1.8 times) the individual threshold doses of epinephrine required to produce cardiac arrhythmias. 4) In most instances the protective result was attributable to a modification by Regitine of the pressor effect of epinephrine. It is concluded in the light that cyclopropane-epinephrine cardiac arrhythmias are blocked by alpha adrenergic blockade.
Animals ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac* ; Arterial Pressure ; Dogs* ; Electrocardiography ; Epinephrine ; Inhalation ; Oxygen ; Phentolamine ; Transducers

BACKGROUND: Sunscreens have been used widely to prevent the photosensitive skin diseases, skin cancer, and skin aging. However, no sunscreen blocks all kinds of effects caused by ultraviolet light(UVL), and the effect of sunscreens on the impairment of immune function by UVL irradiation is controversial. OBJECTIVE: We try to evaluate the efficiency of sunscreens for blocking the depletion of LC induced by UVB irradiation. METHOD: The ATPase positive LCs were observed in the skin of hairless mice(Hr+/Kud) irradiated by UVB with or without topical application of sunscreens. Two commercially available sunscreens with respective SPF 8 and SPF 30 were applied to the dorsal trunk skin. The mice were irradiated with different increasing doses of UVB at a single time. RESULTS: The ATPase positive LCs in the irradiated dorsal and ear skin were significantly de-creased in densities according to the dosage, and apparently revealed a loss of their dendrites, granulation, and clumping from a UVB dose of more than 60mJ/Cm2. With both sun-screen treatment on the dorsal trunk before irradiation, the densities of LCs on the dorsal skin were significantly higher compared to the un-treated groups at all ranges of UVB doses in spite of a dose dependent decrease in their density. However there was no significant difference on their preventive effect between both sunscreens(SPF 8 and SPF 30) except at high UVB dos-es of more than 240mJ/Cm². CONCLUSION: The LC depletion induced by UVB can be partially protected through the topical application of a sunscreen at a UVB dose dependent fashion. However SPF(sun protective factor) dose not appear to be a good indicator for evaluating sunscreens immunologically.
Adenosine Triphosphatases ; Animals ; Dendrites ; Ear ; Langerhans Cells* ; Methods ; Mice ; Mice, Hairless* ; Skin ; Skin Aging ; Skin Diseases ; Skin Neoplasms ; Sunscreening Agents*

To 48 surgical patients (23-62 years of age, physical status 1-2), the newest banzodiazepine derivative, flunitrazepam (Ro 5-4200), in the dosage of 0.03 mg/kg was administered intravanously at a rate of 2 mg/min. as an intravenous anesthetic induction agent. All patients inhaled 100%, oxygen during induction except where blood-gas studies were conducted, in which case they breathed room air. Thereafter anesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxicle-oxygen-halothane with or without muscle relaxant following endotracheal intubation. Respiratory rate, pulse rate, tidal volume and blood pressure were measured during the pre- operative visit, immediately prior to and again after induction. All patients were premedicated with 1 mg/kg meperidine and atropine. The lead II ECG and fronto-occipital lead EEG were continuously monitored on an oscilloscope throughout the procedure. In 12 patients femoral artery and central venous catheters were inserted prior to induction and the ECG, EEC, arterial pressure and central venous pressure were recorded continuously on a Beckman Type RM 4-channel recorder. Blood samples were taken before and again 5 minutes after induction and PaO2, PaCO2 and pH were measured with a Beckman Blood Gas Measurement System. Arterial-central vanous O2 coutent difference was calculated from the computer-produced physiological table of Kellmann and Nune. To rule out the possible cardiorespiratory effects of meperidin and atropine, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate and tidal volume were also measured in 10 young resident volunteers in this department. The results are as follows: 1) Moderate respiratory depression was obvious in most patient.. Tidal volume decreased 12.9 per cent (p<0. 01) with concomitant increase (17.6 per cent, p<0.01) in respiratory rate. There was an insignifincat rise in PaCO2, accompanied by slight fall in pH and a significant fall PaO2 (17. 7 per cent, p<0. 01), which was probably due to hypoventilation and/or ventilation/perfusion irregularities. 2) It is mandatory to assist or control respiration with 100% oxygen in case of hypov ntilation or apaea during induction with flunitrazepam. 3) A slight and insignificant fall in blood pressure and increase in pulse rate were observed. No cardiac arrhythmias were noted. A fall in central venous pressure (13.3 per cent, p<0.05) was uniformly demonstrated in 12 patients in whom CVP was measured. These findings suggest that the fall in blood pressure was not due to negative inotropic effect but rather to peripheral vasodilatation caused by the sedative effect and decreased sympathetic tone produced by flunitrazepam. 4) The arterial-central venous oxygen content difference decreased by 12.1 per cent (p<0.05). It seems reasonable to assume that during induction no rnajor changes in oxygen consumption occurs. It has been shown that the central venous oxygen content or right atrial oxygen content are slightly lower but still an accurate reflection of mixed venous oxygen content. Under these circumstances the arterial-central venous oxygen content difference may be inversely related to the cardiac output. These results seem, to indicate that cardiac output increased during induction with flunitrazepam. 5) It appears that because of its minimal circulatory depressant effects flunitrazepam may be recommended in seriously ill patients, especially those with cardiac disease, in whom it is advisable to avoid hypotension and tachycardia. 6) Subjects not premedicated with meperidine required more flunitrazepam for induction of sleep to result in prolonged drowsiness. To use flunitrazepam as an intravenous anesthetic induction agent, therefore, it is advisable to premedicate the patient with meperidine to keep the dose of flunitrazepam as low as possible.
Anesthesia ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Arterial Pressure ; Atropine ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiac Output ; Central Venous Catheters ; Central Venous Pressure ; Electrocardiography ; Electroencephalography ; European Union ; Femoral Artery ; Flunitrazepam* ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Hypotension ; Hypoventilation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Meperidine ; Oxygen ; Oxygen Consumption ; Respiration* ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Respiratory Rate ; Sleep Stages ; Tachycardia ; Tidal Volume ; Vasodilation ; Volunteers

The extensor plus finger is a rare condition, in which there is such tension of the extensor hood mechanism that simultaneous, complete flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joint and the interphalngeal joint is impossible. Full flexion of the metacarpophalngeal joint compels the interphalngeal joints to extend and vise versa. This condition is a severe handicap to grasp. The extensor plus state is produced by any condition which shortens the excursion of the extensor hood mechanism over the metacarpophalngeal joint and proximal phalanx. When the extensor hood (central extrinsic extensor and sagittal band) is the villain of the extenaor plus state, stretching out the hood by tenotomies of the central extrinsic extensor restored normsl function immediately. We experienced four cases of the extensor plus finger of a patient with severe crushing open forearm bone fracture, and treated the cases by staggered tenotomies or complete tenotomies of the central extrinsic extensor and division of the sagittal band, and obtained a satisfactory result.
Fingers ; Forearm ; Fractures, Bone ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Joints ; Metacarpophalangeal Joint ; Tenotomy

A new hypolipidemic agent, lovastatin, hydroxy-methyl-gultaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor was administred to 25 patients with primary hyperlipidemia 20 to 40 mg daily for 12 weeks and sequential changes of serum lipid profile were analysed as follow. 1) Mean average at baseline period of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and low desity lipoprotein cholesterol were 271, 179, 51 and 185 mg/dl respectively. 2) Total cholesterol showed 20% decrease at 4th week and 23% decrease at the end of 12th week while low density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased 31% and 33% respectively. 3) Triglyceride dropped 7% at 8th week and 3% at 12th week. High density lipoprotein cholesterol increased 4% at 4th week and showed 2% decrease at the end of study. 4) Only one patient complained of moderate abdominal pain, which subsided after 2 weeks drug withdrawal. In conclusion, lovastatin was well tolerated and effective, in the treatment of primary hyperlipidemia.
Abdominal Pain ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Coenzyme A ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias* ; Lipoproteins ; Lovastatin ; Oxidoreductases ; Triglycerides

It has been well known that successful anesthesia is provided by rendering patients free from apprehension and fear prior to operation. This report is concerned with a new sedative compound which appears to reduce anxiety-tension and relax skeletal muscles. Preanesthetic usefulness of diazepam, which is a derivative of benzodia-zepine and has a high safety index as a preanesthetic medication agent, has been clinically assessed by a standard double blind study on 288 patients in this hospital. They received diazepam(0.3mg/ kg), meperidine hydrochloride (1.0~1.5mg/kg) or saline (1.0ml) via intramuscular route. The following are the results: 1) Diazepam was effective in producing a sound sleep during the preoperative night. 2) Diazepam was effective in reducing apprehension and fear immediately prior to induction of anesthesia. 3) Less nausea and vomiting as well as better sedation were produced by diazepam than by meperidine hydrochloride.
Anesthesia ; Diazepam* ; Double-Blind Method ; Humans ; Meperidine ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Nausea ; Preanesthetic Medication* ; Vomiting

Spinal epidural abscess is a rare disorder with poor prognosis. In order to understand its clinical feature and method of treatment, a retrospective study of spinal epidural abscess spanning 8 years and encompassing 10 patients was done. There were 6 males and 4 females aged 12 to 64 years with peak incidence at the sixth decade. In one patient, epidural abscess recurred at the site previously treated 10 years ago. In addition to fever and leukocytosis in 8 patients, other frequent symptoms according to lesion site were abdominal pain and motor weakness in thoracic epidural abscess and low back pain and sciatica in lumbar epidural abscess. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common causative organism. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) showed variable signal on T1-weighted images and hyperintensity on T2-weighted images, which was studied in 6 patients. Two patterns in gadolinium-enhanced MRI were a central focus of low signal intensity surrounded by ring enhancement(2 patients) gadolinium-enhanced MRI were a central focus of low signal intensity surrounded by ring enhanement(2 patients) and heterogeneous enhancement(4 patients). MRI offered the advantage of noninvasive early recognition and anatomical localization, which made it the imaging modality of choice. Although laminectomy was the standard operative procedure, the result of window laminectomy with catheter drainage for prevention of kyphosis was proven effective in a girl. Complete improvement following surgery was obtained in patients, while a man resulted in paraplegia and a boy paraparesis with mild kyphosis in thoracic abscess as sequelae.
Abdominal Pain ; Abscess ; Catheters ; Drainage ; Epidural Abscess* ; Female ; Fever ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kyphosis ; Laminectomy ; Leukocytosis ; Low Back Pain ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Paraparesis ; Paraplegia ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Sciatica ; Spine* ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Surgical Procedures, Operative