Microglial activation during aging is associated with neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Galectin-3 plays a crucial role in microglial activation and phagocytosis. However, the role of galectin-3 in the aged brain is not completely understood. In the present study, we investigated aging-related mechanisms and microglial galectin-3 expression in the mouse hippocampus using female 6-, 12-, and 24-month-old C57BL/6 mice. Western blot analysis revealed neurodegeneration, blood-brain barrier leakage, and increased levels of neuroinflammation-related proteins in 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increase in activated microglia in the hippocampus of 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Furthermore, we found more galectin-3 and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2-positive microglia in 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Using primary mouse microglial cells, galectin -3 was also increased by lipopolysaccharide treatment. These findings suggest that galectin-3 may play an important role in microglial activation and neuroinflammation during brain aging.

Background/Aims: Magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging (ME-NBI) enables the visualization of detailed microsurface (MS) and microvascular (MV) structures in the gastrointestinal tract. White globe appearance (WGA) is a small whitish lesion with a globular shape identified during ME-NBI for early gastric cancer (EGC). This study aimed to investigate the associations between WGA, clinicopathological characteristics, and other ME-NBI findings in patients with EGC. Methods: The presence or absence of WGA in 122 patients (126 lesions) with an endoscopic diagnosis of EGC who underwent ME-NBI before endoscopic or surgical resection was prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. During ME-NBI, the MS and MV patterns and the presence of WGA and white opaque substances (WOS) were investigated. EGC cases were categorized as differentiated or undifferentiated type, and mucosal, submucosal, or advanced. Results: Of 126 lesions, WGA was observed in 25 (19.8%). WGA was associated with tumor size (≤2 cm [17/63, 27.0%] vs >2 cm [8/63, 12.7%]; p=0.044), histologic type differentiated type [22/89, 24.7%] vs undifferentiated type [3/37. 8.1%]; p=0.033), and tumor location (upper third [1/11, 9.1%] vs middle third [18/58, 31.0%] and lower third [6/57, 10.5%]; p=0.017). Although WGA was observed more frequently in lesions with an oval/tubular MS pattern, a fine-network MV pattern, and the absence of WOS, the difference was not statistically significant (MS pattern, p=0.358; MV pattern, p=0.212; WOS, p=0.121, respectively). Conclusions WGA was associated with small tumor size, differentiated-type histology, and middle-third tumor location, and was more frequently observed in lesions with an oval/tubular MS and fine-network MV patterns and the absence of WOS.

Cancer immunotherapy is widely used to treat various cancers to augment the weakened host immune response against tumors. Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play dual roles in inducing innate and adaptive immunity. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that exhibits anti-tumor activity against certain types of cancers. However, little is known about the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii or tumor/parasite antigen-pulsed DCs (DC vaccines, DCV) in breast cancer. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were administered E0771 mouse breast cancer cells (Cancer-injected) subcutaneously, T. gondii Me49 cysts orally (TG-injected), or DCs pulsed with breast cancer cell lysate antigen and T. gondii lysate antigens (DCV-injected) intraperitoneally. Tumor size and immunological characteristics were subsequently evaluated. We also evaluated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 levels in E0771 mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with T. gondii or DCs by RT-PCR. The tumor volumes of mice injected with breast cancer cells and antigen-pulsed DCs (Cancer/DCV-injected mice) were similar to those of Cancer-injected mice; however, they were significantly reduced in T. gondii-infected tumor-bearing (TG/Cancer-injected) mice. Moreover, tumor volumes were significantly reduced by adding antigen-pulsed DCs (TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice) compared to TG/Cancer-injected mice. The levels of IFN-γ, serum IgG2a levels, and CD8+ T cell populations were significantly higher in DCV- and TG-injected mice than in control mice, while no significant differences between Cancer- and Cancer/DCV-injected mice were observed. The levels of IFN-γ, the IgG2a levels, and the percentage of CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in TG/Cancer- and TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in Cancer-injected mice. IFN-γ levels and serum IgG2a levels were further increased in TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in TG/Cancer-injected mice. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expressions were significantly decreased in mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with live T. gondii, T. gondii lysate antigen, or antigen-pulsed DCs (DCV) but not in inactivated DCs. These results indicate that T. gondii induces anti-tumor effects in breast cancer-bearing mice through the induction of strong Th1 immune responses, but not in antigen-pulsed DCs alone. The addition of antigen-pulsed DCs further augments the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii.

Microglial activation during aging is associated with neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Galectin-3 plays a crucial role in microglial activation and phagocytosis. However, the role of galectin-3 in the aged brain is not completely understood. In the present study, we investigated aging-related mechanisms and microglial galectin-3 expression in the mouse hippocampus using female 6-, 12-, and 24-month-old C57BL/6 mice. Western blot analysis revealed neurodegeneration, blood-brain barrier leakage, and increased levels of neuroinflammation-related proteins in 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increase in activated microglia in the hippocampus of 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Furthermore, we found more galectin-3 and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2-positive microglia in 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Using primary mouse microglial cells, galectin -3 was also increased by lipopolysaccharide treatment. These findings suggest that galectin-3 may play an important role in microglial activation and neuroinflammation during brain aging.

Background/Aims: Magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging (ME-NBI) enables the visualization of detailed microsurface (MS) and microvascular (MV) structures in the gastrointestinal tract. White globe appearance (WGA) is a small whitish lesion with a globular shape identified during ME-NBI for early gastric cancer (EGC). This study aimed to investigate the associations between WGA, clinicopathological characteristics, and other ME-NBI findings in patients with EGC. Methods: The presence or absence of WGA in 122 patients (126 lesions) with an endoscopic diagnosis of EGC who underwent ME-NBI before endoscopic or surgical resection was prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. During ME-NBI, the MS and MV patterns and the presence of WGA and white opaque substances (WOS) were investigated. EGC cases were categorized as differentiated or undifferentiated type, and mucosal, submucosal, or advanced. Results: Of 126 lesions, WGA was observed in 25 (19.8%). WGA was associated with tumor size (≤2 cm [17/63, 27.0%] vs >2 cm [8/63, 12.7%]; p=0.044), histologic type differentiated type [22/89, 24.7%] vs undifferentiated type [3/37. 8.1%]; p=0.033), and tumor location (upper third [1/11, 9.1%] vs middle third [18/58, 31.0%] and lower third [6/57, 10.5%]; p=0.017). Although WGA was observed more frequently in lesions with an oval/tubular MS pattern, a fine-network MV pattern, and the absence of WOS, the difference was not statistically significant (MS pattern, p=0.358; MV pattern, p=0.212; WOS, p=0.121, respectively). Conclusions WGA was associated with small tumor size, differentiated-type histology, and middle-third tumor location, and was more frequently observed in lesions with an oval/tubular MS and fine-network MV patterns and the absence of WOS.

Cancer immunotherapy is widely used to treat various cancers to augment the weakened host immune response against tumors. Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play dual roles in inducing innate and adaptive immunity. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that exhibits anti-tumor activity against certain types of cancers. However, little is known about the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii or tumor/parasite antigen-pulsed DCs (DC vaccines, DCV) in breast cancer. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were administered E0771 mouse breast cancer cells (Cancer-injected) subcutaneously, T. gondii Me49 cysts orally (TG-injected), or DCs pulsed with breast cancer cell lysate antigen and T. gondii lysate antigens (DCV-injected) intraperitoneally. Tumor size and immunological characteristics were subsequently evaluated. We also evaluated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 levels in E0771 mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with T. gondii or DCs by RT-PCR. The tumor volumes of mice injected with breast cancer cells and antigen-pulsed DCs (Cancer/DCV-injected mice) were similar to those of Cancer-injected mice; however, they were significantly reduced in T. gondii-infected tumor-bearing (TG/Cancer-injected) mice. Moreover, tumor volumes were significantly reduced by adding antigen-pulsed DCs (TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice) compared to TG/Cancer-injected mice. The levels of IFN-γ, serum IgG2a levels, and CD8+ T cell populations were significantly higher in DCV- and TG-injected mice than in control mice, while no significant differences between Cancer- and Cancer/DCV-injected mice were observed. The levels of IFN-γ, the IgG2a levels, and the percentage of CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in TG/Cancer- and TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in Cancer-injected mice. IFN-γ levels and serum IgG2a levels were further increased in TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in TG/Cancer-injected mice. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expressions were significantly decreased in mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with live T. gondii, T. gondii lysate antigen, or antigen-pulsed DCs (DCV) but not in inactivated DCs. These results indicate that T. gondii induces anti-tumor effects in breast cancer-bearing mice through the induction of strong Th1 immune responses, but not in antigen-pulsed DCs alone. The addition of antigen-pulsed DCs further augments the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii.

Cancer immunotherapy is widely used to treat various cancers to augment the weakened host immune response against tumors. Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play dual roles in inducing innate and adaptive immunity. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that exhibits anti-tumor activity against certain types of cancers. However, little is known about the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii or tumor/parasite antigen-pulsed DCs (DC vaccines, DCV) in breast cancer. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were administered E0771 mouse breast cancer cells (Cancer-injected) subcutaneously, T. gondii Me49 cysts orally (TG-injected), or DCs pulsed with breast cancer cell lysate antigen and T. gondii lysate antigens (DCV-injected) intraperitoneally. Tumor size and immunological characteristics were subsequently evaluated. We also evaluated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 levels in E0771 mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with T. gondii or DCs by RT-PCR. The tumor volumes of mice injected with breast cancer cells and antigen-pulsed DCs (Cancer/DCV-injected mice) were similar to those of Cancer-injected mice; however, they were significantly reduced in T. gondii-infected tumor-bearing (TG/Cancer-injected) mice. Moreover, tumor volumes were significantly reduced by adding antigen-pulsed DCs (TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice) compared to TG/Cancer-injected mice. The levels of IFN-γ, serum IgG2a levels, and CD8+ T cell populations were significantly higher in DCV- and TG-injected mice than in control mice, while no significant differences between Cancer- and Cancer/DCV-injected mice were observed. The levels of IFN-γ, the IgG2a levels, and the percentage of CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in TG/Cancer- and TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in Cancer-injected mice. IFN-γ levels and serum IgG2a levels were further increased in TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in TG/Cancer-injected mice. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expressions were significantly decreased in mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with live T. gondii, T. gondii lysate antigen, or antigen-pulsed DCs (DCV) but not in inactivated DCs. These results indicate that T. gondii induces anti-tumor effects in breast cancer-bearing mice through the induction of strong Th1 immune responses, but not in antigen-pulsed DCs alone. The addition of antigen-pulsed DCs further augments the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii.

Microglial activation during aging is associated with neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Galectin-3 plays a crucial role in microglial activation and phagocytosis. However, the role of galectin-3 in the aged brain is not completely understood. In the present study, we investigated aging-related mechanisms and microglial galectin-3 expression in the mouse hippocampus using female 6-, 12-, and 24-month-old C57BL/6 mice. Western blot analysis revealed neurodegeneration, blood-brain barrier leakage, and increased levels of neuroinflammation-related proteins in 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increase in activated microglia in the hippocampus of 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Furthermore, we found more galectin-3 and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2-positive microglia in 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Using primary mouse microglial cells, galectin -3 was also increased by lipopolysaccharide treatment. These findings suggest that galectin-3 may play an important role in microglial activation and neuroinflammation during brain aging.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the impact of aerobic exercise at different intensities over an eight-week period on the expression and activation of cortical synaptic proteins, with the potential to reduce anxiety and improve memory in young mice. Methods: Seven-week-old C57BL/6 mice were subjected to treadmill exercises at low (n = 10), moderate (n = 10), and high intensity (n = 10) for eight weeks. Behavioral assessments were conducted to evaluate anxiety and cognitive function. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we measured the phosphorylated levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), cyclic adenosine monophosphate response-binding protein (CREB), protein kinase (AKT), adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), synapsin (S9, S549, S609), and PSD-95 in the cortex, as these are associated with synaptic strength. Additionally, the expression of doublecortin (DCX), a neurogenic factor, was analyzed in the hippocampus. Results: Exercise led to reductions in depressive and anxiety-related behaviors and elevated the levels of phosphorylated ERK, CREB, AKT, AMPK, synapsin (S9, S549, S609), and PSD-95 in the cortex of young mice. Furthermore, exercise increased DCX expression in the hippocampus. Moderate-intensity exercise yielded more pronounced effects than other intensities. Conclusion The findings of this research indicate that consistent moderate-intensity exercise increases synaptic strength and reduces depression and anxiety in young mice by activating multiple factors.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the impact of aerobic exercise at different intensities over an eight-week period on the expression and activation of cortical synaptic proteins, with the potential to reduce anxiety and improve memory in young mice. Methods: Seven-week-old C57BL/6 mice were subjected to treadmill exercises at low (n = 10), moderate (n = 10), and high intensity (n = 10) for eight weeks. Behavioral assessments were conducted to evaluate anxiety and cognitive function. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we measured the phosphorylated levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), cyclic adenosine monophosphate response-binding protein (CREB), protein kinase (AKT), adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), synapsin (S9, S549, S609), and PSD-95 in the cortex, as these are associated with synaptic strength. Additionally, the expression of doublecortin (DCX), a neurogenic factor, was analyzed in the hippocampus. Results: Exercise led to reductions in depressive and anxiety-related behaviors and elevated the levels of phosphorylated ERK, CREB, AKT, AMPK, synapsin (S9, S549, S609), and PSD-95 in the cortex of young mice. Furthermore, exercise increased DCX expression in the hippocampus. Moderate-intensity exercise yielded more pronounced effects than other intensities. Conclusion The findings of this research indicate that consistent moderate-intensity exercise increases synaptic strength and reduces depression and anxiety in young mice by activating multiple factors.